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July 2020

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[PATCH www] Become REUSE 3.0 compliant
by Alyssa Ross 11 Aug '20

11 Aug '20

See <https://reuse.software/>. NLnet are quite keen on this. --- CONTRIBUTING | 3 + LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0.txt | 350 ++++++++++++++++++ LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt | 119 +++++++ LICENSES/GFDL-1.3-or-later.txt | 416 ++++++++++++++++++++++ LICENSES/GPL-3.0-or-later.txt | 625 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ README | 7 +- bibliography.html | 3 + contributing.html | 3 + design.html | 3 + doc/index.html | 3 + index.html | 3 + motivation.html | 3 + participating.html | 3 + style.css | 3 + todo.html | 3 + 15 files changed, 1543 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) create mode 100644 LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0.txt create mode 100644 LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt create mode 100644 LICENSES/GFDL-1.3-or-later.txt create mode 100644 LICENSES/GPL-3.0-or-later.txt diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING b/CONTRIBUTING index 7ec8fba..b2941cf 100644 --- a/CONTRIBUTING +++ b/CONTRIBUTING @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> +SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This file provides instructions for contributing to the website hosted at <https://spectrum-os.org/>. 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Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. + +If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot +be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall +apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil +liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption +of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee. END OF +TERMS AND CONDITIONS + +How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs + +If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible +use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software +which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. + +To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach +them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion +of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a +pointer to where the full notice is found. + +<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> + +Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> + +This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under +the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software +Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later +version. + +This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT +ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS +FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with +this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + +If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like +this when it starts in an interactive mode: + +<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> + +This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. + +This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain +conditions; type `show c' for details. + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate +parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might +be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". + +You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, +if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For +more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + +The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program +into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may +consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the +library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public +License instead of this License. But first, please read <https://www.gnu.org/ +licenses /why-not-lgpl.html>. diff --git a/README b/README index 156141b..359ada0 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> +SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0 + These files contain the static portion of the website accessible at <https://spectrum-os.org/>. CGit, Mailman, etc, are run seperately. @@ -10,7 +13,3 @@ Documentation License (version 1.2 or later), at your option. The source code of these web pages may be redistributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (version 3.0 or later). - -CC-BY-SA: <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/> -GNU Free Documentation License: <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gfdl.html> -GNU General Public License: <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bibliography.html b/bibliography.html index b2ccd0a..ff80215 100644 --- a/bibliography.html +++ b/bibliography.html @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ <!doctype html> + + + <html lang="en"> <head> diff --git a/contributing.html b/contributing.html index 8999fee..25522fc 100644 --- a/contributing.html +++ b/contributing.html @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ <!doctype html> + + + <html lang="en"> <head> diff --git a/design.html b/design.html index e725989..181c15c 100644 --- a/design.html +++ b/design.html @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ <!doctype html> + + + <html lang="en"> <head> diff --git a/doc/index.html b/doc/index.html index c6acecc..a77d4ac 100644 --- a/doc/index.html +++ b/doc/index.html @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ <!doctype html> + + + <html lang="en"> <head> diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 08974b1..cbea331 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ <!doctype html> + + + <html lang="en"> <head> diff --git a/motivation.html b/motivation.html index c7d5667..4076263 100644 --- a/motivation.html +++ b/motivation.html @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ <!doctype html> + + + <html lang="en"> <head> diff --git a/participating.html b/participating.html index 2d9acab..811fcf4 100644 --- a/participating.html +++ b/participating.html @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ <!doctype html> + + + <html lang="en"> <head> diff --git a/style.css b/style.css index b2b23c0..e9fd751 100644 --- a/style.css +++ b/style.css @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +/* SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> */ +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later */ + /* Less is more. */ diff --git a/todo.html b/todo.html index 077f20a..d293664 100644 --- a/todo.html +++ b/todo.html @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ <!doctype html> + + + <html lang="en"> <head> -- 2.27.0

2 2

[PATCH doc] Become REUSE 3.0 compliant
by Alyssa Ross 31 Jul '20

31 Jul '20

See <https://reuse.software/>. NLnet are quite keen on this. Cc: Cole Helbling <cole.e.helbling(a)outlook.com> --- Cole, are you happy with how you're listed as a copyright holder in developer-manual.adoc here? The year and email address are both technically optional, so if you'd rather not have your email address listed that would be okay. .gitignore | 5 +- LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0 | 428 ------------------------------- LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0.txt | 350 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt | 119 +++++++++ LICENSES/GFDL-1.3 | 451 --------------------------------- LICENSES/GFDL-1.3-or-later.txt | 416 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ LICENSES/MIT | 17 -- LICENSES/MIT.txt | 19 ++ Makefile | 1 + default.nix | 1 + developer-manual.adoc | 10 +- 11 files changed, 919 insertions(+), 898 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0 create mode 100644 LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0.txt create mode 100644 LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt delete mode 100644 LICENSES/GFDL-1.3 create mode 100644 LICENSES/GFDL-1.3-or-later.txt delete mode 100644 LICENSES/MIT create mode 100644 LICENSES/MIT.txt diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 71d0225..bc46bd4 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1 +1,4 @@ -/developer-manual.html \ No newline at end of file +# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> +# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0 + +/developer-manual.html diff --git a/LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0 b/LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0 deleted file mode 100644 index a73481c..0000000 --- a/LICENSES/CC-BY-SA-4.0 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,428 +0,0 @@ -Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - -======================================================================= - -Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and -does not provide legal services or legal advice. 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For works in -formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means -the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, -preceding the beginning of the body of the text. - -The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of -the Document to the public. - -A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose -title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following -text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a -specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", -"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" -of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a -section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. - -The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which -states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty -Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this -License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other -implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has -no effect on the meaning of this License. - -2. VERBATIM COPYING - -You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either -commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the -copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies -to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no -other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use -technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further -copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept -compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough -number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. - -You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and -you may publicly display copies. - - -3. COPYING IN QUANTITY - -If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have -printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the -Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the -copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover -Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on -the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify -you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present -the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and -visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. -Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve -the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated -as verbatim copying in other respects. - -If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit -legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit -reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent -pages. - -If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering -more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent -copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy -a computer-network location from which the general network-using -public has access to download using public-standard network protocols -a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. -If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, -when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure -that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated -location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an -Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that -edition to the public. - -It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the -Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to -give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the -Document. - - -4. MODIFICATIONS - -You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under -the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release -the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified -Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution -and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy -of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: - -A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct - from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions - (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section - of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version - if the original publisher of that version gives permission. -B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities - responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified - Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the - Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), - unless they release you from this requirement. -C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the - Modified Version, as the publisher. -D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. -E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications - adjacent to the other copyright notices. -F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice - giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the - terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. -G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections - and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. -H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. -I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add - to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and - publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If - there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one - stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as - given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified - Version as stated in the previous sentence. -J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for - public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise - the network locations given in the Document for previous versions - it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. - You may omit a network location for a work that was published at - least four years before the Document itself, or if the original - publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. -K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", - Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all - the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements - and/or dedications given therein. -L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, - unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers - or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. -M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section - may not be included in the Modified Version. -N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" - or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. -O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. - -If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or -appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material -copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all -of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the -list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. -These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. - -You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains -nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various -parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has -been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a -standard. - -You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a -passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list -of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of -Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or -through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already -includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or -by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, -you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit -permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. - -The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License -give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or -imply endorsement of any Modified Version. - - -5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS - -You may combine the Document with other documents released under this -License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified -versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the -Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and -list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its -license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. - -The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and -multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single -copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but -different contents, make the title of each such section unique by -adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original -author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. -Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of -Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. - -In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" -in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled -"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", -and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections -Entitled "Endorsements". - - -6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS - -You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other -documents released under this License, and replace the individual -copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy -that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules -of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all -other respects. - -You may extract a single document from such a collection, and -distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a -copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this -License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that -document. - - -7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS - -A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate -and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or -distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright -resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights -of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. -When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not -apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves -derivative works of the Document. - -If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these -copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of -the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on -covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the -electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. -Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole -aggregate. - - -8. TRANSLATION - -Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may -distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. -Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special -permission from their copyright holders, but you may include -translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the -original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a -translation of this License, and all the license notices in the -Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include -the original English version of this License and the original versions -of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between -the translation and the original version of this License or a notice -or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. - -If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", -"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve -its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual -title. - - -9. TERMINATION - -You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document -except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt -otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and -will automatically terminate your rights under this License. - -However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license -from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, -unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally -terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder -fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to -60 days after the cessation. - -Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is -reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the -violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have -received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that -copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after -your receipt of the notice. - -Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the -licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under -this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently -reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does -not give you any rights to use it. - - -10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE - -The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the -GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions -will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in -detail to address new problems or concerns. See -https://www.gnu.org/licenses/. - -Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. -If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this -License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of -following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or -of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the -Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version -number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not -as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document -specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this -License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a -version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the -Document. - -11. RELICENSING - -"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any -World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also -provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A -public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A -"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site -means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. - -"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 -license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit -corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, -California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license -published by that same organization. - -"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in -part, as part of another Document. - -An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this -License, and if all works that were first published under this License -somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or -in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and -(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. - -The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site -under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, -provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. - - -ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents - -To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of -the License in the document and put the following copyright and -license notices just after the title page: - - Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. - Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document - under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 - or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; - with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. - A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU - Free Documentation License". - -If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, -replace the "with...Texts." line with this: - - with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the - Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. - -If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other -combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the -situation. - -If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we -recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of -free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, -to permit their use in free software. diff --git a/LICENSES/GFDL-1.3-or-later.txt b/LICENSES/GFDL-1.3-or-later.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90f814d --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSES/GFDL-1.3-or-later.txt @@ -0,0 +1,416 @@ +GNU Free Documentation License + +Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free +Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/> + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license +document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + +The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional +and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the +effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, +either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves +for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not +being considered responsible for modifications made by others. + +This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of +the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the +GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free +software. + +We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, +because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come +with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this +License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual +work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed +book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction +or reference. + + 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + +This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains +a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under +the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free +license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated +herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member +of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license +if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under +copyright law. + +A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document +or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated +into another language. + +A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the +Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or +authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) +and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. +(Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section +may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical +connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, +philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. + +The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, +as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document +is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition +of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document +may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any +Invariant Sections then there are none. + +The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover +Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released +under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover +Text may be at most 25 words. + +A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented +in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is +suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors +or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) +some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text +formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for +input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format +whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage +subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is +not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is +not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". + +Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without +markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly +available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed +for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, +XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and +edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD +and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated +HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes +only. + +The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such +following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License +requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have +any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent +appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the +text. + +The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the +Document to the public. + +A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title +either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that +translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section +name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", +or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the +Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this +definition. + +The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states +that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are +considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards +disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers +may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License. + + 2. VERBATIM COPYING + +You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially +or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and +the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced +in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of +this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the +reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, +you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large +enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. + +You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you +may publicly display copies. + + 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY + +If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed +covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license +notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, +clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front +cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly +and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover +must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent +and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying +with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of +the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying +in other respects. + +If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, +you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual +cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. + +If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more +than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along +with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network +location from which the general network-using public has access to download +using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the +Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take +reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in +quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible +at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute +an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition +to the public. + +It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document +well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance +to provide you with an updated version of the Document. + + 4. MODIFICATIONS + +You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions +of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version +under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of +the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified +Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these +things in the Modified Version: + +A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from +that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if +there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may +use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that +version gives permission. + +B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible +for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with +at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal +authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. + +C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, +as the publisher. + + D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + +E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to +the other copyright notices. + +F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving +the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this +License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. + +G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and +required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an +unaltered copy of this License. + +I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to +it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of +the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled +"History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and +publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing +the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. + +J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public +access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations +given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be +placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work +that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the +original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. + +K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve +the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and +tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given +therein. + +L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their +text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered +part of the section titles. + +M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included +in the Modified Version. + +N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to +conflict in title with any Invariant Section. + + O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. + +If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that +qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, +you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. +To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified +Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section +titles. + +You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing +but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, +statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization +as the authoritative definition of a standard. + +You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage +of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts +in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover +Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If +the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously +added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf +of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit +permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. + +The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give +permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement +of any Modified Version. + + 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS + +You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, +under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided +that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of +the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections +of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their +Warranty Disclaimers. + +The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple +identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there +are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, +make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in +parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section +if known, or else a unique number. 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COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + +You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released +under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the +various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided +that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of +the documents in all other respects. + +You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it +individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License +into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects +regarding verbatim copying of that document. + + 7. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE -AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER -LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, -OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE -SOFTWARE. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LICENSES/MIT.txt b/LICENSES/MIT.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..204b93d --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSES/MIT.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +MIT License Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders> + +Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy +of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal +in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights +to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell +copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished +to do so, subject to the following conditions: + +The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the next +paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the +Software. + +THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR +IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS +FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS +OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, +WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF +OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile index b923b17..b595def 100644 --- a/Makefile +++ b/Makefile @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Alyssa Ross # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT ASCIIDOCTOR = asciidoctor diff --git a/default.nix b/default.nix index 3f3b4aa..dc920b5 100644 --- a/default.nix +++ b/default.nix @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT with import <nixpkgs> {}; diff --git a/developer-manual.adoc b/developer-manual.adoc index 0f4b30f..da37ef0 100644 --- a/developer-manual.adoc +++ b/developer-manual.adoc @@ -1,5 +1,10 @@ +// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> +// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Cole Helbling <cole.e.helbling(a)outlook.com> // SPDX-License-Identifier: GFDL-1.3-or-later OR CC-BY-SA-4.0 +// XXX: Remember to add new copyright notices to the +// "Copyright and License" section of the content, too! + = Spectrum Developers’ Guide Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> :toc: left @@ -320,7 +325,10 @@ directly required by Spectrum's use case for the program. [appendix] == Copyright and License -Copyright 2020 Alyssa Ross. +Copyright 2020 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is>. + +Copyright 2020 Cole Helbling <cole.e.helbling(a)outlook.com>. + +// XXX: Remember to add new copyright notices as +// SPDX-FileCopyrightText comments at the top of the file, too! Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under either the terms of the -- 2.27.0

2 2

[PATCH www] Fix index links on top-level pages
by Alyssa Ross 31 Jul '20

31 Jul '20

Linking to .. means linking to the directory above these pages, when we actually want to link to the directory these pages are in (which should display index.html). This doesn't have any effect on <https://spectrum-os.org/>, because the site is already at the top level, but it would cause a problem if the site was elsewhere -- for example, when viewing it locally while working on it. --- contributing.html | 2 +- design.html | 2 +- motivation.html | 2 +- participating.html | 2 +- todo.html | 2 +- 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/contributing.html b/contributing.html index 430c52e..8999fee 100644 --- a/contributing.html +++ b/contributing.html @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ <body> <nav> - <a href="..">Spectrum</a> + <a href=".">Spectrum</a> </nav> <h1>Contributing to Spectrum</h1> diff --git a/design.html b/design.html index 234f656..e725989 100644 --- a/design.html +++ b/design.html @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ <body> <nav> - <a href="..">Spectrum</a> + <a href=".">Spectrum</a> </nav> <h1>Spectrum Design</h1> diff --git a/motivation.html b/motivation.html index af8e045..c7d5667 100644 --- a/motivation.html +++ b/motivation.html @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ <body> <nav> - <a href="..">Spectrum</a> + <a href=".">Spectrum</a> </nav> <h1>Motivation for Spectrum</h1> diff --git a/participating.html b/participating.html index 18f940b..2d9acab 100644 --- a/participating.html +++ b/participating.html @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ <body> <nav> - <a href="..">Spectrum</a> + <a href=".">Spectrum</a> </nav> <h1>Participating in Spectrum</h1> diff --git a/todo.html b/todo.html index 977179f..077f20a 100644 --- a/todo.html +++ b/todo.html @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ <body> <nav> - <a href="..">Spectrum</a> + <a href=".">Spectrum</a> </nav> <h1>Contribution ideas</h1> -- 2.27.0

2 2

[PATCH www] bibliography.html: create
by Alyssa Ross 31 Jul '20

31 Jul '20

I thought it might be useful to have a place to collect links that are particularly relevant to Spectrum. This serves two purposes: to provide further external reading for people learning about Spectrum from the website; and to make it easy for us to find links we refer to often. At some point I might add author names, etc. to these links, and make them a bit more like proper citations, but for now I wanted to get an initial version of this out there rather than bikeshedding citation formats. --- bibliography.html | 111 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ index.html | 1 + 2 files changed, 112 insertions(+) create mode 100644 bibliography.html diff --git a/bibliography.html b/bibliography.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e90f0be --- /dev/null +++ b/bibliography.html @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +<!doctype html> +<html lang="en"> + +<head> + +<meta charset="utf-8"> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"> + +<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"> + +<title>Spectrum Bibliography</title> + +<body> + +<nav> + <a href="..">Spectrum</a> +</nav> + +<h1>Bibliography</h1> + +<ul> + + <li><cite><a href="https://flatkill.org/">Flatpak — a security + nightmare</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://blog.invisiblethings.org/papers/2015/x86_harmful.pdf">Intel + x86 Considered Harmful</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://www.qubes-os.org/">Qubes OS</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3132747.3132763">My VM is + Lighter (and Safer) than your Container</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3342195.3387526">A Linux + in Unikernel Clothing</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://www.ozlabs.org/~rusty/virtio-spec/virtio-paper.pdf">virtio: + Towards a De-Facto Standard For Virtual I/O Devices</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/virtio-v1.1.html">Virtual + I/O Device (VIRTIO) Version 1.1</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/474088/">Safe device + assignment with VFIO</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://lists.ozlabs.org/pipermail/lguest/2008-March/001064.html">Inter-guest + virtio I/O example with lguest</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/610174/">Supporting + filesystems in persistent memory</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/788333/">A filesystem + for virtualization</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=VirtIO-DRM-Window-Server">VirtIO + DRM Window Server Support: Letting Guest VMs Interface With Host's + Compositor</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/interop/vhost-user.html">Vhost-user + Protocol</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VirtioVhostUser">Features/VirtioVhostUser + — QEMU</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/third_party/kernel/+/refs/head…">Wayland + Virtio Driver</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/694291/">An initial + release of Flatpak portals for GNOME</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~ganger/712.fall02/papers/p761-thompson.pdf">Reflections + on Trusting Trust</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://dwheeler.com/trusting-trust/dissertation/wheeler-trusting-trust-ddc…">Fully + Countering Trusting Trust through Diverse Double-Compiling</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://reproducible-builds.org/docs/buy-in/">Reproducible + Builds — Buy-in</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://edolstra.github.io/pubs/phd-thesis.pdf">The + Purely Functional Software Deployment Model</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://nixos.org/features.html">NixOS — + Features</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00824004/document">Functional + Package Management with Guix</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/platform/crosvm">Chrome + OS Virtual Machine Monitor</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://prilik.com/blog/2019/05/16/crosvm-paravirt.html">Paravirtualized + Devices in crosvm — a Performance Panacea for Modern Virtual + Machines</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://assets.amazon.science/96/c6/302e527240a3b1f86c86c3e8fc3d/firecracke…">Firecracker: + Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications</a></cite> + + <li><cite><a href="https://github.com/cloud-hypervisor/cloud-hypervisor">cloud-hypervisor</a></cite> + +</ul> + +<p> +<small>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this +document under either the terms of the +<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative +Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>, or the +<a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html">GNU Free +Documentation License, Version 1.3</a> or any later version published +by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no +Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.</small> diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index e98443b..08974b1 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ Commission. <ul> <li><a href="motivation.html">Motivation for Spectrum</a> <li><a href="design.html">Design</a> + <li><a href="bibliography.html">Bibliography</a> </ul> <h2>Development progress</h2> -- 2.27.0

2 2

[PATCH mktuntap] Become REUSE 3.0 compliant
by Alyssa Ross 31 Jul '20

31 Jul '20

See <https://reuse.software/>. NLnet are quite keen on this. --- .editorconfig | 3 + .gitignore | 7 +- COPYING | 339 ---------------------------------- LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt | 119 ++++++++++++ LICENSES/GPL-2.0-only.txt | 319 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ LICENSES/GPL-2.0-or-later.txt | 319 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Makefile | 20 +- README | 6 + TODO | 3 + mktuntap.8 | 16 +- mktuntap.c | 28 +-- 11 files changed, 787 insertions(+), 392 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 COPYING create mode 100644 LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt create mode 100644 LICENSES/GPL-2.0-only.txt create mode 100644 LICENSES/GPL-2.0-or-later.txt diff --git a/.editorconfig b/.editorconfig index 35c5fb2..49f3188 100644 --- a/.editorconfig +++ b/.editorconfig @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> +# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0 + root = true [*] diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 7e27746..9106912 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1,4 +1,9 @@ +# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> +# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0 + result result-* *.o -/mktuntap \ No newline at end of file +/mktuntap +bindunix +socketpair diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING deleted file mode 100644 index d159169..0000000 --- a/COPYING +++ /dev/null @@ -1,339 +0,0 @@ - GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE - Version 2, June 1991 - - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc., - 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA - Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies - of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. - - Preamble - - The licenses for most software are designed to take away your -freedom to share and change it. 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Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the -Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the -original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to -these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further -restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. -You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to -this License. - - 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent -infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), -conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or -otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not -excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot -distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this -License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you -may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent -license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by -all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then -the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to -refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. - -If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under -any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to -apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other -circumstances. - -It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any -patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any -such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the -integrity of the free software distribution system, which is -implemented by public license practices. Many people have made -generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed -through that system in reliance on consistent application of that -system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing -to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot -impose that choice. - -This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to -be a consequence of the rest of this License. - - 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in -certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the -original copyright holder who places the Program under this License -may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding -those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among -countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates -the limitation as if written in the body of this License. - - 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions -of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will -be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to -address new problems or concerns. - -Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program -specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any -later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions -either of that version or of any later version published by the Free -Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of -this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software -Foundation. - - 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free -programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author -to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free -Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes -make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals -of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and -of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. - - NO WARRANTY - - 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY -FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN -OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES -PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED -OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF -MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS -TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE -PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, -REPAIR OR CORRECTION. - - 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING -WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR -REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, -INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING -OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED -TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY -YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER -PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE -POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. - - END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS - - How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs - - If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest -possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it -free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. - - To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least -the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - - <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> - Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> - - This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or - (at your option) any later version. - - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - GNU General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along - with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., - 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. - -Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. - -If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this -when it starts in an interactive mode: - - Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author - Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. - This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it - under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. - -The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate -parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may -be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be -mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. - -You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your -school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if -necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: - - Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program - `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. - - <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 - Ty Coon, President of Vice - -This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into -proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may -consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the -library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General -Public License instead of this License. diff --git a/LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt b/LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a343ccd --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +Creative Commons Legal Code + +CC0 1.0 Universal CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES +NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT DOES NOT CREATE +AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION +ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. 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Should any part of the License for any +reason be judged legally invalid or ineffective under applicable law, such +partial invalidity or ineffectiveness shall not invalidate the remainder of +the License, and in such case Affirmer hereby affirms that he or she will +not (i) exercise any of his or her remaining Copyright and Related Rights +in the Work or (ii) assert any associated claims and causes of action with +respect to the Work, in either case contrary to Affirmer's express Statement +of Purpose. + + 4. Limitations and Disclaimers. + +a. No trademark or patent rights held by Affirmer are waived, abandoned, surrendered, +licensed or otherwise affected by this document. + +b. Affirmer offers the Work as-is and makes no representations or warranties +of any kind concerning the Work, express, implied, statutory or otherwise, +including without limitation warranties of title, merchantability, fitness +for a particular purpose, non infringement, or the absence of latent or other +defects, accuracy, or the present or absence of errors, whether or not discoverable, +all to the greatest extent permissible under applicable law. + +c. Affirmer disclaims responsibility for clearing rights of other persons +that may apply to the Work or any use thereof, including without limitation +any person's Copyright and Related Rights in the Work. Further, Affirmer disclaims +responsibility for obtaining any necessary consents, permissions or other +rights required for any use of the Work. + +d. Affirmer understands and acknowledges that Creative Commons is not a party +to this document and has no duty or obligation with respect to this CC0 or +use of the Work. diff --git a/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-only.txt b/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-only.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f3d641 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-only.txt @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + +Version 2, June 1991 + +Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license +document, but changing it is not allowed. + +Preamble + +The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share +and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to +guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the +software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to +most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose +authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software +is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply +it to your programs, too. + +When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our +General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom +to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you +wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you +can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that +you know you can do these things. + +To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to +deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions +translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of +the software, or if you modify it. + +For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or +for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You +must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you +must show them these terms so they know their rights. + +We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) +offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute +and/or modify the software. + +Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that +everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If +the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients +to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced +by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. + +Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We +wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually +obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent +this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's +free use or not licensed at all. + +The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification +follow. + +TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION + +0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice +placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms +of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program +or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any +derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the +Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated +into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation +in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". + +Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered +by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program +is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its +contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been +made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program +does. + +1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code +as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately +publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; +keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence +of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this +License along with the Program. + +You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you +may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. + +2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, +thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications +or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all +of these conditions: + +a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that +you changed the files and the date of any change. + +b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or +in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be +licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this +License. + +c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, +you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most +ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate +copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that +you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under +these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. +(Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print +such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print +an announcement.) + +These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable +sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably +considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, +and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as +separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole +which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be +on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend +to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote +it. + +Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your +rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise +the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based +on the Program. + +In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with +the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage +or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this +License. + +3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section +2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above +provided that you also do one of the following: + +a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, +which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium +customarily used for software interchange; or, + +b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give +any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing +source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding +source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on +a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, + +c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute +corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial +distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable +form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) + +The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making +modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all +the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface +definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation +of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed +need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or +binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the +operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself +accompanies the executable. + +If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to +copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the +source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, +even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with +the object code. + +4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except +as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, +sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate +your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, +or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated +so long as such parties remain in full compliance. + +5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed +it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the +Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you +do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program +(or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License +to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying +the Program or works based on it. + +6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), +the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor +to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. +You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of +the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance +by third parties to this License. + +7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement +or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed +on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the +conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of +this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your +obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as +a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a +patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program +by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the +only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely +from distribution of the Program. + +If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any +particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and +the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. + +It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents +or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; +this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free +software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. +Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software +distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that +system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to +distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose +that choice. + +This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a +consequence of the rest of this License. + +8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain +countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright +holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical +distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is +permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this +License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. + +9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of +the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar +in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new +problems or concerns. + +Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies +a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", +you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version +or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the +Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose +any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. + +10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs +whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for +permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, +write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. +Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status +of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse +of software generally. + + NO WARRANTY + +11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR +THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE +STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM +"AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, +BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS +FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE +OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME +THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. + +12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING +WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE +THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY +GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE +OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA +OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES +OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH +HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. +END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS + +How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs + +If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible +use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software +which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. + +To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach +them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion +of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a +pointer to where the full notice is found. + +<one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.> + +Copyright (C)< yyyy> <name of author> + +This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under +the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software +Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later +version. + +This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT +ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS +FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with +this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin +Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + +If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when +it starts in an interactive mode: + +Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes +with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, +and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show +c' for details. + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate +parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be +called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks +or menu items--whatever suits your program. + +You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, +if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here +is a sample; alter the names: + +Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' +(which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. + +<signature of Ty Coon >, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General +Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary +programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more +useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this +is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead +of this License. diff --git a/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-or-later.txt b/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-or-later.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d80ac3 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-or-later.txt @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + +Version 2, June 1991 + +Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license +document, but changing it is not allowed. + +Preamble + +The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share +and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to +guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the +software is free for all its users. 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It is safest to attach +them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion +of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a +pointer to where the full notice is found. + +<one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.> + +Copyright (C) <yyyy> <name of author> + +This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under +the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software +Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later +version. + +This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT +ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS +FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with +this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin +Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + +If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when +it starts in an interactive mode: + +Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes +with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, +and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show +c' for details. + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate +parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be +called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks +or menu items--whatever suits your program. + +You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, +if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here +is a sample; alter the names: + +Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' +(which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. + +<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General +Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary +programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more +useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this +is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead +of this License. diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile index ff52ac4..9e6c8aa 100644 --- a/Makefile +++ b/Makefile @@ -1,21 +1,7 @@ +# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later -# Copyright 2019 Alyssa Ross -# -# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify -# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or -# (at your option) any later version. -# -# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the -# GNU General Public License for more details. -# -# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -# along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. - -all: mktuntap +all: bindunix mktuntap socketpair .PHONY: all prefix = /usr/local @@ -32,6 +18,8 @@ MKDIR_P = mkdir -p CFLAGS = -g +bindunix socketpair: util.o + install-dirs: $(MKDIR_P) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) $(DESTDIR)$(man8dir) .PHONY: install-dirs diff --git a/README b/README index 5f19bec..5a62791 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019-2020 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> +SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later + mktuntap -------- @@ -19,3 +22,6 @@ published by the Free Software Foundation. Other source files are licensed under the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. + +Some utility files (.gitignore, etc.) are licensed under the CC0 +1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. diff --git a/TODO b/TODO index 7a72fe4..a3dd911 100644 --- a/TODO +++ b/TODO @@ -1 +1,4 @@ +SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> +SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0 + * Reimplement tap_alloc for compatibility with newer GPLs diff --git a/mktuntap.8 b/mktuntap.8 index 9bbfb78..0f9aaf8 100644 --- a/mktuntap.8 +++ b/mktuntap.8 @@ -1,19 +1,5 @@ +.\" SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> .\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later -.\" -.\" Copyright 2019 Alyssa Ross -.\" -.\" This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify -.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -.\" the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or -.\" (at your option) any later version. -.\" -.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the -.\" GNU General Public License for more details. -.\" -.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -.\" along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. .Dd December 15, 2019 .Dt MKTUNTAP 8 .Os Linux diff --git a/mktuntap.c b/mktuntap.c index 53a47de..b150dc7 100644 --- a/mktuntap.c +++ b/mktuntap.c @@ -1,20 +1,6 @@ +// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Alyssa Ross <hi(a)alyssa.is> // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only -/* - * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - * it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License as - * published by the Free Software Foundation. - * - * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - * GNU General Public License for more details. - * - * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA - */ - #include <errno.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <limits.h> @@ -116,7 +102,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) char *target_fd_end; long int target_fd_l = strtol(argv[optind], &target_fd_end, 10); if (errno) { - fprintf(stderr, "mktuntap: %s\n", strerror(errno)); + perror("mktuntap"); return EX_USAGE; } if (argv[optind][0] == '\0' || target_fd_end[0] != '\0') { @@ -139,30 +125,30 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) ifr_flags_ |= IFF_VNET_HDR; int tuntap_fd = tuntap_alloc(ifr_name_, open_flags, ifr_flags_); if (tuntap_fd < 0) { - fprintf(stderr, "mktuntap: failed to open tuntap device: %s\n", strerror(errno)); + perror("mktuntap: failed to open tuntap device"); return EX_IOERR; } if (tuntap_fd != target_fd) { if (dup2(tuntap_fd, target_fd) == -1) { - fprintf(stderr, "mktuntap: %s\n", strerror(errno)); + perror("mktuntap"); return EX_IOERR; } if (close(tuntap_fd) == -1) { - fprintf(stderr, "mktuntap: %s\n", strerror(errno)); + perror("mktuntap"); return EX_IOERR; } } if (name_env) { if (setenv("TUNTAP_NAME", ifr_name_, 1) == -1) { - fprintf(stderr, "mktuntap: %s\n", strerror(errno)); + perror("mktunap"); return EX_OSERR; } } execvp(argv[optind + 1], &argv[optind + 1]); - fprintf(stderr, "failed to exec: %s\n", strerror(errno)); + perror("failed to exec"); return EX_OSERR; } -- 2.27.0

2 3

[PATCH wayland] Support virtio_wl display sockets
by Alyssa Ross 27 Jul '20

27 Jul '20

This patch adds libvirtio_wl, which exposes reimplementations of the sendmsg(2) and recvmsg(2) for virtio_wl socket fds. Tests for as much libvirtio_wl functionality as is reasonably possible to test without requiring a working virtio_wl connection are included. (Testing further would require running tests in a VM so that they could talk to the virtio_wl kernel driver, which would be prohibitively complex. virtio_wl socket fds do not actually point to sockets, but to special virtio_wl files. Whenever a display socket operation calls sendmsg() or recvmsg() with a file descriptor and receives an ENOTSOCK error, it retries the operation with the equivalent libvirtio_wl function, in case the file descriptor is a virtio_wl. This is the least invasive way to implement virtio_wl support -- if a normal socket is being used, there will be no change in behaviour. Because virtio_wl doesn't implement every socket feature, some workarounds are currently required to accomodate everything Wayland expects of sockets: * virtio_wl_recvmsg implements the MSG_DONTWAIT flag by setting O_NONBLOCK on the fd, attempting the VIRTWL_IOCTL_RECV operation, and then restoring the fd's original flags. This is obviously race-prone, but there is no reasonable alternative at present. * virtio_wl_sendmsg requires MSG_NOSIGNAL to be set, and ignores it. This is because I think from looking at the code that virtio_wl does not generate SIGPIPE signals, nor does it ever return EPIPE. I could be wrong about this, though. * virtio_wl does not support credential passing -- what would it even mean, considering the other end of the connection is on another (virtual) machine? So wl_client's ucred member will have pid, uid, and gid all set to -1 for a client connected over virtio_wl. * virtio_wl sockets do not support accept(2), so a fallback is used. A proxy program on the host accept(2) on a host socket. When it receives a connection, it attaches the connection socket to the VM, then sends the name of the connected socket over the Wayland display socket. Wayland then receives this name, looks up the connection socket, and uses that as the client connection socket. Additionally, virtio_wl memfd-like file descriptors don't support mremap(2), so for virtio_wl sockets Wayland will munmap(2) the memfd, and then mmap(2) it again. This should be at least mostly okay because Wayland only ever calls mremap with MREMAP_MAYMOVE, but it is still race-prone. To be able to do this, memfds are no longer closed after being mmaped, but are kept around in the wl_shm_pool struct, so that they can be passed to mmap() if required. --- src/connection.c | 4 + src/meson.build | 16 +- src/virtio_wl.c | 344 +++++++++++++++++++++++ src/virtio_wl.h | 23 ++ src/wayland-os.c | 23 ++ src/wayland-os.h | 3 + src/wayland-server.c | 20 +- src/wayland-shm.c | 24 +- tests/meson.build | 1 + tests/virtio_wl-test.c | 615 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 10 files changed, 1064 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) create mode 100644 src/virtio_wl.c create mode 100644 src/virtio_wl.h create mode 100644 tests/virtio_wl-test.c diff --git a/src/connection.c b/src/connection.c index d0c7d9f..1bfbd8c 100644 --- a/src/connection.c +++ b/src/connection.c @@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ #include <time.h> #include <ffi.h> +#include "virtio_wl.h" #include "wayland-util.h" #include "wayland-private.h" #include "wayland-os.h" @@ -314,6 +315,9 @@ wl_connection_flush(struct wl_connection *connection) do { len = sendmsg(connection->fd, &msg, MSG_NOSIGNAL | MSG_DONTWAIT); + if (len == -1 && errno == ENOTSOCK) + len = virtio_wl_sendmsg(connection->fd, &msg, + MSG_NOSIGNAL | MSG_DONTWAIT); } while (len == -1 && errno == EINTR); if (len == -1) diff --git a/src/meson.build b/src/meson.build index 2d1485c..cca1d93 100644 --- a/src/meson.build +++ b/src/meson.build @@ -71,13 +71,26 @@ if get_option('libraries') mathlib_dep = cc.find_library('m', required: false) threads_dep = dependency('threads', required: false) + virtio_wl = library( + 'virtio_wl', + sources: [ + 'virtio_wl.c', + ], + version: '0.1.0', + install: true, + ) + + virtio_wl_dep = declare_dependency( + link_with: virtio_wl, + ) + wayland_private = static_library( 'wayland-private', sources: [ 'connection.c', 'wayland-os.c' ], - dependencies: [ ffi_dep, ] + dependencies: [ ffi_dep, virtio_wl_dep ] ) wayland_private_dep = declare_dependency( @@ -230,5 +243,6 @@ if get_option('libraries') 'wayland-server-core.h', 'wayland-client.h', 'wayland-client-core.h', + 'virtio_wl.h', ]) endif diff --git a/src/virtio_wl.c b/src/virtio_wl.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a1ee8ee --- /dev/null +++ b/src/virtio_wl.c @@ -0,0 +1,344 @@ +/* Copyright 2020 Alyssa Ross + * + * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public + * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this + * file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */ + +#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L + +#include <errno.h> +#include <fcntl.h> +#include <limits.h> +#include <linux/virtwl.h> +#include <stdint.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <sys/ioctl.h> +#include <sys/socket.h> +#include <unistd.h> + +#include "virtio_wl.h" + +// This is essentially vendored reusable library code, so I consider +// it exempt from the Wayland style guide. :) + +#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 4 +#define VIRTIO_WL_EXPORT __attribute__ ((visibility("default"))) +#else +#define VIRTIO_WL_EXPORT +#endif + +static int +set_nonblocking(int fd) +{ + int fl = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL); + if (fl == -1) + return -1; + if (!(fl & O_NONBLOCK)) + if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, fl | O_NONBLOCK) == -1) + return -1; + return fl; +} + +// Returns the total size of all buffers in an iovec. +// A return value of -1 means that the total overflowed. +static ssize_t +iov_len(const struct iovec iov[], size_t n) +{ + size_t len = 0; + for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) { + if (SSIZE_MAX - len < iov[i].iov_len) + return -1; + len += iov[i].iov_len; + } + return len; +} + +// Copies from an iovec array into a buffer. +// The buffer is assumed to be large enough to hold all the data. +// This length can be calculated with the iov_len function. +static size_t +iov_flatten(void *buf, size_t buflen, const struct iovec *iov, size_t iovlen) +{ + size_t off = 0; + + for (size_t index = 0; index < iovlen && off < buflen; index++) { + const struct iovec *i = &iov[index]; + size_t rem = buflen - off; + size_t len = i->iov_len < rem ? i->iov_len : rem; + + memcpy((unsigned char *)buf + off, i->iov_base, len); + off += len; + } + + return off; +} + +// Copies from a buffer into an iovec array. +// Returns number of bytes copied. +static size_t +iov_fill(struct iovec *iov, size_t iovlen, const void *buf, size_t buflen) +{ + size_t off = 0; + + for (size_t index = 0; index < iovlen && off < buflen; index++) { + struct iovec *i = &iov[index]; + size_t rem = buflen - off; + size_t len = i->iov_len < rem ? i->iov_len : rem; + + memcpy(i->iov_base, (const unsigned char *)buf + off, len); + off += len; + } + + return off; +} + +static ssize_t +cmsg_to_fdbuf(int *buf, size_t buflen, const struct msghdr *msg) +{ + size_t next_fd = 0; + + for (struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(msg); + cmsg != NULL; cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(msg, cmsg)) { + size_t size = cmsg->cmsg_len - CMSG_LEN(0); + + // Check the cmsg can be handled. + if (cmsg->cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET || + cmsg->cmsg_type != SCM_RIGHTS || + size % sizeof(int) != 0) { + errno = EINVAL; + return -1; + } + + size_t rem = sizeof(int) * (buflen - next_fd); + size_t len = size > rem ? rem : size; + + // Copy the fds to the buffer. + memcpy(buf + next_fd, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), len); + next_fd += len / sizeof(int); + + if (size > rem) + break; + } + + return next_fd > SSIZE_MAX ? SSIZE_MAX : next_fd; +} + +static size_t +fdbuf_to_cmsg(struct msghdr *msg, const int *buf, size_t buflen) +{ + // Check msg->msg_control is long enough to fit at least one fd. + if (msg->msg_controllen < CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))) { + + // If there's at least one fd in buf, set MSG_CTRUNC. + size_t i = 0; + while (i < buflen && !(msg->msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC)) + if (buf[i++] != -1) + msg->msg_flags |= MSG_CTRUNC; + + return 0; + } + + // cmsg(3): + // > When initializing a buffer that will contain a series of cmsghdr + // > structures (e.g., to be sent with sendmsg(2)), that buffer should + // > first be zero-initialized to en‐ sure the correct operation of + // > CMSG_NXTHDR(). + memset(msg->msg_control, 0, msg->msg_controllen); + + // Set up the cmsg. + struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(msg); + cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + + // Copy as many fds as fit into cmsg. + size_t len = 0; + for (size_t i = 0; i < buflen; i++) { + if (buf[i] == -1) + continue; + + if (CMSG_LEN((len + 1) * sizeof(int)) > msg->msg_controllen) { + msg->msg_flags |= MSG_CTRUNC; + break; + } + + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg) + sizeof(int) * len, &buf[i], sizeof(int)); + len++; + } + + cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(len * sizeof(int)); + return len; +} + +VIRTIO_WL_EXPORT int +virtio_wl_connect(const char *name, uint32_t flags) +{ + static int wl_fd = -1; + if (wl_fd < 0) + wl_fd = open("/dev/wl0", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC); + if (wl_fd < 0) + return wl_fd; + + struct virtwl_ioctl_new new_ctx = { + .type = name ? VIRTWL_IOCTL_NEW_CTX_NAMED : VIRTWL_IOCTL_NEW_CTX, + .fd = -1, + .flags = flags, + }; + // Device assumes name 32 bytes long if not null terminated. + if (name) + strncpy(new_ctx.name, name, sizeof(new_ctx.name)); + + if (ioctl(wl_fd, VIRTWL_IOCTL_NEW, &new_ctx)) + return -1; + + return new_ctx.fd; +} + +VIRTIO_WL_EXPORT int +virtio_wl_send_raw(int sockfd, struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *ioctl_txn) +{ + return ioctl(sockfd, VIRTWL_IOCTL_SEND, ioctl_txn); +} + +static int +msghdr_to_txn(const struct msghdr *msg, struct virtwl_ioctl_txn **txn) +{ + // Make sure that if there's an error and the caller tries to free *txn + // anyway it doesn't end up freeing an invalid address. + *txn = NULL; + + // Figure out how big the txn needs to be. + ssize_t len = iov_len(msg->msg_iov, msg->msg_iovlen); + if (len < 0 || len > UINT32_MAX) { + errno = ENOMEM; + return -1; + } + + // Allocate the txn. + *txn = malloc(sizeof(**txn) + len); + if (!*txn) + return -1; + + // Set the len member of the txn. + (*txn)->len = len; + + // Copy data from the iovec into the transaction. + iov_flatten((*txn)->data, len, msg->msg_iov, msg->msg_iovlen); + + // Copy file descriptors to the txn. + ssize_t fd_count = cmsg_to_fdbuf((*txn)->fds, VIRTWL_SEND_MAX_ALLOCS, msg); + if (fd_count == -1) { + free(*txn); + *txn = NULL; + return -1; + } + + // Fill the rest of the fd buffer with -1. + while (fd_count < VIRTWL_SEND_MAX_ALLOCS) + (*txn)->fds[fd_count++] = -1; + + return 0; +} + +static void +txn_to_msghdr(struct msghdr *msg, const struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *txn) +{ + // Copy txn data to iovecs. + iov_fill(msg->msg_iov, msg->msg_iovlen, txn->data, txn->len); + + // Copy fds to cmsg. + fdbuf_to_cmsg(msg, txn->fds, VIRTWL_SEND_MAX_ALLOCS); +} + +VIRTIO_WL_EXPORT ssize_t +virtio_wl_sendmsg(int sockfd, const struct msghdr *msg, int flags) +{ + int sockfl; + + if ((flags & ~MSG_DONTWAIT) != MSG_NOSIGNAL) { + errno = EINVAL; + return -1; + } + + struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *txn; + if (msghdr_to_txn(msg, &txn) == -1) + return -1; + + if (flags & MSG_DONTWAIT) { + sockfl = set_nonblocking(sockfd); + if (sockfl == -1) { + free(txn); + return -1; + } + } + + int rv = virtio_wl_send_raw(sockfd, txn); + + if ((flags & MSG_DONTWAIT) && !(sockfl & O_NONBLOCK)) { + if (fcntl(sockfd, F_SETFL, sockfl) == -1) { + free(txn); + return -1; + } + } + + if (rv != -1) + rv = txn->len; + + free(txn); + return rv; +} + +VIRTIO_WL_EXPORT int +virtio_wl_recv_raw(int sockfd, struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *ioctl_txn) +{ + return ioctl(sockfd, VIRTWL_IOCTL_RECV, ioctl_txn); +} + +VIRTIO_WL_EXPORT ssize_t +virtio_wl_recvmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr *msg, int flags) +{ + int sockfl; + + if ((flags & ~MSG_DONTWAIT) != MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC) { + errno = EINVAL; + return -1; + } + + ssize_t len = iov_len(msg->msg_iov, msg->msg_iovlen); + if (len < 0 || len > UINT32_MAX) { + errno = ENOMEM; + return -1; + } + + struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *txn = malloc(sizeof(*txn) + len); + if (!txn) + return -1; + + txn->len = len; + + if (flags & MSG_DONTWAIT) { + sockfl = set_nonblocking(sockfd); + if (sockfl == -1) { + free(txn); + return -1; + } + } + + ssize_t rv = virtio_wl_recv_raw(sockfd, txn); + + if ((flags & MSG_DONTWAIT) && !(sockfl & O_NONBLOCK)) + if (fcntl(sockfd, F_SETFL, sockfl) == -1) + rv = -1; + + if (rv == -1) { + for (size_t i = 0; i < VIRTWL_SEND_MAX_ALLOCS; i++) + if (txn->fds[i] == -1) + close(txn->fds[i]); + } else { + txn_to_msghdr(msg, txn); + rv = txn->len; + } + + free(txn); + return rv; +} diff --git a/src/virtio_wl.h b/src/virtio_wl.h new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80bcd38 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/virtio_wl.h @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +/* Copyright 2020 Alyssa Ross + * + * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public + * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this + * file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */ + +#ifndef UTIL_VIRTIO_WL_H +#define UTIL_VIRTIO_WL_H + +#include <sys/types.h> + +struct virtwl_ioctl_txn; +struct msghdr; + +int virtio_wl_connect(const char *name, uint32_t flags); + +ssize_t virtio_wl_sendmsg(int sockfd, const struct msghdr *, int flags); +int virtio_wl_send_raw(int sockfd, struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *); + +ssize_t virtio_wl_recvmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr *, int flags); +int virtio_wl_recv_raw(int sockfd, struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *); + +#endif diff --git a/src/wayland-os.c b/src/wayland-os.c index 93b6f5f..c92aaae 100644 --- a/src/wayland-os.c +++ b/src/wayland-os.c @@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ #include <fcntl.h> #include <errno.h> #include <sys/epoll.h> +#include <virtio_wl.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <stdio.h> #include "../config.h" #include "wayland-os.h" @@ -126,6 +129,10 @@ wl_os_recvmsg_cloexec(int sockfd, struct msghdr *msg, int flags) len = recvmsg(sockfd, msg, flags | MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC); if (len >= 0) return len; + + if (errno == ENOTSOCK) + return virtio_wl_recvmsg(sockfd, msg, flags | MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC); + if (errno != EINVAL) return -1; @@ -165,3 +172,19 @@ wl_os_accept_cloexec(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen) fd = accept(sockfd, addr, addrlen); return set_cloexec_or_close(fd); } + +int +wl_virtio_accept_cloexec(int sockfd) +{ + char name[32]; + size_t offset = 0; + + while (offset < sizeof name) { + ssize_t size = read(sockfd, name + offset, sizeof name - offset); + if (size < 0) + return size; + offset += size; + } + + return virtio_wl_connect(name, 0); +} diff --git a/src/wayland-os.h b/src/wayland-os.h index f51efaa..899ac8e 100644 --- a/src/wayland-os.h +++ b/src/wayland-os.h @@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ wl_os_epoll_create_cloexec(void); int wl_os_accept_cloexec(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen); +int +wl_virtio_accept_cloexec(int sockfd); + /* * The following are for wayland-os.c and the unit tests. diff --git a/src/wayland-server.c b/src/wayland-server.c index 3f48dfe..0146ca8 100644 --- a/src/wayland-server.c +++ b/src/wayland-server.c @@ -531,8 +531,18 @@ wl_client_create(struct wl_display *display, int fd) len = sizeof client->ucred; if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEERCRED, - &client->ucred, &len) < 0) - goto err_source; + &client->ucred, &len) < 0 && errno != ENOTSOCK) { + if (errno == ENOTSOCK) { + // Probably a virtio_wl socket. + // We don't have credential information, so fill with + // values that should never match real ones. + client->ucred.pid = -1; + client->ucred.uid = -1; + client->ucred.gid = -1; + } else { + goto err_source; + } + } client->connection = wl_connection_create(fd); if (client->connection == NULL) @@ -1419,6 +1429,9 @@ socket_data(int fd, uint32_t mask, void *data) length = sizeof name; client_fd = wl_os_accept_cloexec(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &name, &length); + if (client_fd < 0 && errno == ENOTSOCK) + client_fd = wl_virtio_accept_cloexec(fd); + if (client_fd < 0) wl_log("failed to accept: %s\n", strerror(errno)); else @@ -1603,7 +1616,8 @@ wl_display_add_socket_fd(struct wl_display *display, int sock_fd) struct stat buf; /* Require a valid fd or fail */ - if (sock_fd < 0 || fstat(sock_fd, &buf) < 0 || !S_ISSOCK(buf.st_mode)) { + if (sock_fd < 0 || fstat(sock_fd, &buf) < 0 || + ((buf.st_mode & S_IFMT) && !S_ISSOCK(buf.st_mode))) { return -1; } diff --git a/src/wayland-shm.c b/src/wayland-shm.c index b85e5a7..636ee7a 100644 --- a/src/wayland-shm.c +++ b/src/wayland-shm.c @@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ struct wl_shm_pool { int internal_refcount; int external_refcount; char *data; + int fd; int32_t size; int32_t new_size; bool sigbus_is_impossible; @@ -91,14 +92,27 @@ shm_pool_finish_resize(struct wl_shm_pool *pool) data = mremap(pool->data, pool->size, pool->new_size, MREMAP_MAYMOVE); if (data == MAP_FAILED) { - wl_resource_post_error(pool->resource, - WL_SHM_ERROR_INVALID_FD, - "failed mremap"); - return; + if (errno != EFAULT) + goto fail; + + if (munmap(pool->data, pool->size) == -1) + goto fail; + + data = mmap(pool->data, pool->new_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, + MAP_SHARED, pool->fd, 0); + if (data == MAP_FAILED) + goto fail; } pool->data = data; pool->size = pool->new_size; + + return; + + fail: + wl_resource_post_error(pool->resource, + WL_SHM_ERROR_INVALID_FD, + "failed mremap"); } static void @@ -291,6 +305,7 @@ shm_create_pool(struct wl_client *client, struct wl_resource *resource, pool->external_refcount = 0; pool->size = size; pool->new_size = size; + pool->fd = fd; pool->data = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); if (pool->data == MAP_FAILED) { @@ -300,7 +315,6 @@ shm_create_pool(struct wl_client *client, struct wl_resource *resource, strerror(errno)); goto err_free; } - close(fd); pool->resource = wl_resource_create(client, &wl_shm_pool_interface, 1, id); diff --git a/tests/meson.build b/tests/meson.build index 224f48d..6ee2b49 100644 --- a/tests/meson.build +++ b/tests/meson.build @@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ tests = { 'headers-protocol-core-test.c', ], 'os-wrappers-test': [], + 'virtio_wl-test': [], } foreach test_name, test_extra_sources: tests diff --git a/tests/virtio_wl-test.c b/tests/virtio_wl-test.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16c7a93 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/virtio_wl-test.c @@ -0,0 +1,615 @@ +#define _GNU_SOURCE +#include <assert.h> + +#include "test-runner.h" +#include "virtio_wl.c" + +TEST(iov_len_fit) +{ + int f1[] = { 1, 2 }; + int f2[] = { 3 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof(f1) }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof(f2) }, + }; + + assert(iov_len(iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov)) == 3 * sizeof(int)); +} + +TEST(iov_len_overflow) +{ + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = SIZE_MAX }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = SIZE_MAX }, + }; + + assert(iov_len(iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov)) == -1); +} + +TEST(iov_flatten_test) +{ + int f1[] = { 1 }; + int f2[] = { 2, 3 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof(f1) }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof(f2) }, + }; + + int buf[2]; + iov_flatten(buf, sizeof(buf), iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov)); + assert(buf[0] == 1); + assert(buf[1] == 2); +} + +TEST(iov_flatten_zero_iov) +{ + unsigned char buf[] = { 0xFF }; + assert(iov_flatten(buf, 1, NULL, 0) == 0); +} + +TEST(iov_flatten_null_iov) +{ + unsigned char buf[] = { 0xFF }; + struct iovec iov[] = { { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 } }; + + assert(iov_flatten(buf, sizeof buf, iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov)) == 0); +} + +TEST(iov_flatten_zero_buf) +{ + unsigned char f1[] = { 0 }; + struct iovec iov[] = { { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 } }; + + assert(iov_flatten(NULL, 0, iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov)) == 0); +} + +TEST(iov_flatten_short_iov) +{ + int f1[] = { 1 }; + int f2[] = { 2, 3 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof f2 }, + }; + + int buf[] = { 9, 8, 7, 6 }; + + assert(iov_flatten(buf, sizeof buf, iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov)) == 12); + assert(buf[0] == 1); + assert(buf[1] == 2); + assert(buf[2] == 3); + assert(buf[3] == 6); +} + +TEST(iov_flatten_exact_iov) +{ + int f1[] = { 1 }; + int f2[] = { 2, 3 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof f2 }, + }; + + int buf[] = { 9, 8, 7 }; + + assert(iov_flatten(buf, sizeof buf, iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov)) == 12); + assert(f1[0] == 1); + assert(f2[0] == 2); + assert(f2[1] == 3); +} + +TEST(iov_flatten_long_iov) +{ + int f1[] = { 1 }; + int f2[] = { 2, 3, 4 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof f2 }, + }; + + int buf[] = { 9, 8, 7 }; + + assert(iov_flatten(buf, sizeof buf, iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov)) == 12); + assert(buf[0] == 1); + assert(buf[1] == 2); + assert(buf[2] == 3); +} + +TEST(iov_fill_zero_iov) +{ + unsigned char buf[] = { 0xFF }; + assert(iov_fill(NULL, 0, buf, 1) == 0); +} + +TEST(iov_fill_null_iov) +{ + unsigned char buf[] = { 0xFF }; + struct iovec iov[] = { { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 } }; + + assert(iov_fill(iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov), buf, sizeof buf) == 0); +} + +TEST(iov_fill_zero_buf) +{ + unsigned char f1[] = { 0 }; + struct iovec iov[] = { { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 } }; + + assert(iov_fill(iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov), NULL, 0) == 0); +} + +TEST(iov_fill_short_iov) +{ + int f1[] = { 1 }; + int f2[] = { 2, 3 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof f2 }, + }; + + int buf[] = { 9, 8, 7, 6 }; + + assert(iov_fill(iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov), buf, sizeof buf) == 12); + assert(f1[0] == 9); + assert(f2[0] == 8); + assert(f2[1] == 7); +} + +TEST(iov_fill_exact) +{ + int f1[] = { 1 }; + int f2[] = { 2, 3 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof f2 }, + }; + + int buf[] = { 9, 8, 7 }; + + assert(iov_fill(iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov), buf, sizeof buf) == 12); + assert(f1[0] == 9); + assert(f2[0] == 8); + assert(f2[1] == 7); +} + +TEST(iov_fill_long_iov) +{ + int f1[] = { 1 }; + int f2[] = { 2, 3, 4 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 }, + { .iov_base = NULL, .iov_len = 0 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof f2 }, + }; + + int buf[] = { 9, 8, 7 }; + + assert(iov_fill(iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov), buf, sizeof buf) == 12); + assert(f1[0] == 9); + assert(f2[0] == 8); + assert(f2[1] == 7); + assert(f2[2] == 4); +} + +TEST(cmsg_to_fdbuf_zero_buf) +{ + int fds[] = { 0 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof fds); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), fds, sizeof fds); + + assert(cmsg_to_fdbuf(NULL, 0, &msg) == 0); +} + +TEST(cmsg_to_fdbuf_zero_cmsg) +{ + int fds[2] = { 0 }; + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + assert(cmsg_to_fdbuf(fds, sizeof fds, &msg) == 0); +} + +TEST(cmsg_to_fdbuf_small_buf) +{ + int fds[] = { 0, 1 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof fds); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), fds, sizeof fds); + + int buf[] = { 0xFF }; + assert(cmsg_to_fdbuf(buf, sizeof(buf) / sizeof(*buf), &msg) == 1); + assert(buf[0] == 0); +} + +TEST(cmsg_to_fdbuf_exact) +{ + int fds[] = { 0, 1 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof fds); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), fds, sizeof fds); + + int buf[] = { 0xFF, 0xFE }; + assert(cmsg_to_fdbuf(buf, sizeof(buf) / sizeof(*buf), &msg) == 2); + assert(buf[0] == 0); + assert(buf[1] == 1); +} + +TEST(cmsg_to_fdbuf_small_cmsg) +{ + int fds[] = { 0 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof fds); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), fds, sizeof fds); + + int buf[] = { 0xFF, 0xFE }; + assert(cmsg_to_fdbuf(buf, sizeof(buf) / sizeof(*buf), &msg) == 1); + assert(buf[0] == 0); + assert(buf[1] == 0xFE); +} + +TEST(cmsg_to_fdbuf_multiple_cmsg) +{ + int f1[] = { 0 }; + int f2[] = { 1 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof f1) + CMSG_SPACE(sizeof f2)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg1 = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + cmsg1->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg1->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg1->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof f1); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg1), f1, sizeof f1); + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg2 = CMSG_NXTHDR(&msg, cmsg1); + cmsg2->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg2->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg2->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof f2); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg2), f2, sizeof f2); + + int buf[] = { 0xFF, 0xFE }; + assert(cmsg_to_fdbuf(buf, sizeof(buf) / sizeof(*buf), &msg) == 2); + assert(buf[0] == 0); + assert(buf[1] == 1); +} + +TEST(cmsg_to_fdbuf_other_cmsg) +{ + struct ucred cred = { + .pid = getpid(), + .uid = getuid(), + .gid = getgid(), + }; + + int fds[] = { 0, 1 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof cred) + CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg1 = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + cmsg1->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg1->cmsg_type = SCM_CREDENTIALS; + cmsg1->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof cred); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg1), &cred, sizeof cred); + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg2 = CMSG_NXTHDR(&msg, cmsg1); + cmsg2->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg2->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg2->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof fds); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg2), fds, sizeof fds); + + int buf[] = { 0xFF, 0xFE }; + assert(cmsg_to_fdbuf(buf, sizeof(buf) / sizeof(*buf), &msg) == -1); + assert(errno == EINVAL); +} + +TEST(cmsg_to_fdbuf_misaligned) +{ + int fds[] = { 0, 1 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds + 1)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(fds) + 1); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), fds, sizeof fds); + CMSG_DATA(cmsg)[sizeof(fds)] = 0; + + int buf[] = { 0xFF, 0xFE }; + assert(cmsg_to_fdbuf(buf, sizeof(buf) / sizeof(*buf), &msg) == -1); + assert(errno == EINVAL); +} + +TEST(fdbuf_to_cmsg_null_cmsg) +{ + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + int fds[] = { 1 }; + assert(fdbuf_to_cmsg(&msg, fds, sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds)) == 0); + assert(msg.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC); +} + +TEST(fdbuf_to_cmsg_empty_both) +{ + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + int fds[] = { -1 }; + assert(fdbuf_to_cmsg(&msg, fds, sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds)) == 0); + assert(!(msg.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC)); +} + +TEST(fdbuf_to_cmsg_null_buf) +{ + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u = { 0 }; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + assert(fdbuf_to_cmsg(&msg, NULL, 0) == 0); + assert(!(msg.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC)); +} + +TEST(fdbuf_to_cmsg_tiny_msg) +{ + union { + char buf[1]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u = { 0 }; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + int fds[] = { 1 }; + assert(fdbuf_to_cmsg(&msg, fds, sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds)) == 0); + assert(msg.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC); +} + +TEST(fdbuf_to_cmsg_small_msg) +{ + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u = { 0 }; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + int fds[] = { 1, 2, 3 }; + assert(CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds) != sizeof u.buf); + + // CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int)) can equal CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int) * 2) + size_t n = fdbuf_to_cmsg(&msg, fds, sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds)); + assert(CMSG_SPACE(n * sizeof(int)) == sizeof u.buf); + assert(msg.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC); +} + +TEST(fdbuf_to_cmsg_equal) +{ + int fds[] = { 1, 2 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u = { 0 }; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + assert(fdbuf_to_cmsg(&msg, fds, sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds)) == 2); + assert(!memcmp(CMSG_DATA(CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg)), fds, sizeof fds)); + assert(!(msg.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC)); +} + +TEST(fdbuf_to_cmsg_negative_one) +{ + int fds[] = { 1, -1, -1, 2 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(2 * sizeof(int))]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u = { 0 }; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + assert(fdbuf_to_cmsg(&msg, fds, sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds)) == 2); + + unsigned char *data = CMSG_DATA(CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg)); + assert(!memcmp(data, &fds[0], sizeof(int))); + assert(!memcmp(data + sizeof(int), &fds[3], sizeof(int))); + assert(!(msg.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC)); +} + +TEST(fdbuf_to_cmsg_small_buf) +{ + int fds[] = { 1 }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(2 * sizeof fds)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u = { 0 }; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + assert(fdbuf_to_cmsg(&msg, fds, sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds)) == 1); + assert(!memcmp(CMSG_DATA(CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg)), fds, sizeof fds)); + assert(!(msg.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC)); +} + +TEST(msghdr_to_txn_test) +{ + struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *txn; + + int f1[] = { 1 }; + int f2[] = { 2, 3 }; + + const int fds[] = { 0, 1, 2 }; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = f1, .iov_len = sizeof f1 }, + { .iov_base = f2, .iov_len = sizeof f2 }, + }; + + union { + char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof fds)]; + struct cmsghdr align; + } u; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_iov = iov; + msg.msg_iovlen = sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov); + msg.msg_control = u.buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof u.buf; + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET; + cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS; + cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof fds); + memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), fds, sizeof fds); + + assert(!msghdr_to_txn(&msg, &txn)); + + assert(txn->len == sizeof(f1) + sizeof(f2)); + assert(!memcmp(txn->fds, fds, sizeof fds)); + for (size_t i = sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds); + i < VIRTWL_SEND_MAX_ALLOCS; i++) + assert(txn->fds[i] == -1); + assert(!memcmp(txn->data, f1, sizeof f1)); + assert(!memcmp(txn->data + sizeof f1, f2, sizeof f2)); +} + +TEST(txn_to_msghdr_test) +{ + const int data[] = { 1, 2, 3 }; + + size_t len = sizeof(data); + struct virtwl_ioctl_txn *txn = malloc(sizeof(*txn) + len); + assert(txn); + + txn->len = len; + + const int fds[] = { 0, 1, 2 }; + memcpy(txn->fds, fds, sizeof fds); + for (int i = sizeof(fds) / sizeof(*fds); i < VIRTWL_SEND_MAX_ALLOCS; i++) + txn->fds[i] = -1; + + memcpy(txn->data, data, sizeof data); + + int buf1[1], buf2[2]; + + struct iovec iov[] = { + { .iov_base = buf1, .iov_len = sizeof buf1 }, + { .iov_base = buf2, .iov_len = sizeof buf2 }, + }; + + unsigned char cmsg_buf[VIRTWL_SEND_MAX_ALLOCS]; + + struct msghdr msg = { 0 }; + msg.msg_iov = iov; + msg.msg_iovlen = sizeof(iov) / sizeof(*iov); + msg.msg_control = cmsg_buf; + msg.msg_controllen = sizeof cmsg_buf; + + txn_to_msghdr(&msg, txn); + + assert(!memcmp(buf1, data, sizeof buf1)); + assert(!memcmp(buf2, (unsigned char *)data + sizeof buf1, sizeof buf2)); + + struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); + assert(cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET); + assert(cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_RIGHTS); + assert(cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(3 * sizeof(int))); + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) + assert(!memcmp(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), fds, sizeof fds)); + + assert(!CMSG_NXTHDR(&msg, cmsg)); +} -- 2.26.2

2 4

This Week in Spectrum, 2020-W30
by Alyssa Ross 27 Jul '20

27 Jul '20

Feels like there's a pretty clear path forward. Nice feeling. :) QEMU ---- Last week, as I wrote TWiS, I had just discovered virtio-vhost-user, which looked like a very promising mechanism for getting a VM to take care of networking for other VMs. This week, I've been researching it further, and trying to test and evaluate it. The first thing I tried to do, naturally, was to build the patched QEMU tree and boot a VM with a virtio-vhost-user device attached. This was not as easy as I'd hoped, because adding the virtio-vhost-user device to my QEMU command line made the VM kernel panic at boot, with an error message about an invalid memory access. I spent most of the week trying to figure this out -- I wasn't doing anything different to the example[1] on the QEMU wiki, so it should have worked, and it felt like if I could just get past whatever was going wrong here, it would be worth it, because virtio-vhost-user otherwise seems so suited for what we need here. I emailed the patch author[2], but he didn't know what was up either. An early breakthrough came when I got frustrated with kernel builds taking hours on my 8-year-old laptop, and so decided to work on a more powerful computer instead. Once I got everything set up on that computer, I started up the VM, and it worked. Perhaps in setting it up over here I'd done something different? I copied over the exact VM disk/kernel/initrd/command line that I was running on my laptop, and the other computer booted it just fine. I had -cpu host in the QEMU command line, so I thought maybe the different kind of virtual CPU was causing it. Tried setting it to a specific value on both machines, and still the laptop VM panicked and the other didn't. So it sounded like whether it worked or not depended on the host hardware. I put together a Nix derivation that would automatically build the custom QEMU and output a script that would run a VM, and then asked people in #spectrum to test it out on various computers. After getting some further data, a pattern started to emerge, where Intel processors Ivy Bridge and older would fail, and Skylake and newer would succeed (I didn't encounter any AMD processors that failed, nor did I have data at the time for generations between Ivy Bridge and Skylake). This theory had a convenient explanation for why nobody else had seen this problem -- I doubt people at Red Hat are working on 7-year-old hardware. This was a good clue, but still didn't put me much closer to having a working system. I do have a more recent laptop around, but for reasons that are out of scope here it would be very inconvenient to decide to just move over to it. I could see that the kernel was panicking the first time it tried to access the PCI BARs of the virtio-vhost-user, which led me to believe that the problem was probably in how that memory was being set up. I found the function that did that[3], and stared at it for a long time. I tried to read the rest of the QEMU code, but it became clear that my domain knowledge here isn't good enough to be able to keep track of what's meant to be happening. I added some debug prints, which were vaguely helpful in making that understanding a little better. I was hoping to find the guest address each PCI BAR was mapped to so that I could check the kernel was trying to write to the right location, but didn't manage to do that. While attempting to, though, I did add a debug print that printed the size of each PCI bar as it was allocated. I noticed that most were small -- 16 MiB at most, but one was huge, at 64 GiB! The code that allocated this BAR was part of the function I'd been staring at. As far as I could tell, the choice of size was pretty arbitrary -- this big memory region was used as backing memory for all sorts of small objects on the fly. On a whim, I tried changing the BAR size from 1ULL << 36 to 1ULL << 26, and recompiled QEMU. The VM booted. The comment above the bar_size definition that I'd been looking at for so long said: /* TODO If the BAR is too large the guest won't have address space to map * it! */ I don't know if that's exactly what went wrong here, though. I suspect it's more like the host architecture doesn't have enough address space? The affected machines all reported 36 bit physical address size, and 48 bit virtual address size. So maybe what's happening is that the processor interprets PCI addresses in the hardware-assisted VM as physical addresses, and therefore runs out of space because all of it is taken up by this one PCI bar? I'm not really sure. Lowering the bar size to 2^35 or 2^34 (has to be a power of two) depending on the QEMU version made the problem go away, and that's good enough for now. I'm not very enthusiastic about this up-front allocation of a huge amount of memory that might not even fit in the available address space. I don't know if there's a better way of doing it in this case, but I certainly hope so. In general I think this perhaps demonstrates why this code is not considered suitable for "production" yet. The bet I'm taking here is that by the time Spectrum is further along, things will have moved on for virtio-vhost-user too. As I said, at some point we will want to implement it in crosvm to avoid having QEMU in the TCB, but it would be a bad idea to do that now while virtio-vhost-user is still going through the back-and-forth of making its way into the Virtio spec. [1]: https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VirtioVhostUser [2]: https://lore.kernel.org/qemu-devel/87h7u1s5k1.fsf@alyssa.is/T/#u [3]: https://github.com/ndragazis/qemu/blob/f9ab08c0c8/hw/virtio/virtio-vhost-us… DPDK ---- Once I was able to boot a VM with the virtio-vhost-user device, I tried to connect another QEMU VM to it through vhost-user -- I'll want to have this working first as a reference before I start porting Cloud Hypervisor's vhost-user implementation to crosvm. But the "frontend" (vhost-user) QEMU process hung waiting for a reply on the vhost-user socket from the backend one. Not really knowing what to do about this, I decided that maybe I'd been a bit too ambitious in going straight for vhost-user <-> virtio-vhost-user when I'd never actually used vhost-user before, so maybe I should try a more conventional vhost-user setup first. As far as I can tell, vhost-user is usually used for connecting a VM to a userspace networking stack. And usually, this networking stack is DPDK, the "Data Plane Development Kit"[4]. DPDK was also used in the virtio-vhost-user examples, so I figured my next step would be to try it there as well, and therefore it was worth the time in learning how to do a very basic setup with it. Quick start -style documentation for this was pretty lacking, but I did eventually manage to make this work. Here's what I did, for my own future reference as much as anything else: (1) Make some hugepages available. 1GiB for DPDK and 1GiB for QEMU: echo 1024 > /sys/devices/system/node/node0/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepages (2) Take my ethernet interface offline so it could be used with DPDK: nmcli d disconnect enp0s25 (3) Load the vfio-pci module, which allows PCI devices to be exported to userspace rather than managed by the kernel: mobprobe vfio-pci (4) Export the ethernet interface: usertools/dpdk-devbind.py -b vfio-pci enp0s25 (5) Run testpmd, a program that comes with DPDK mostly used for debugging and tracing it seems, but that with no special arguments acts as a simple packet forwarder. Here I create a vhost-user socket, and forward traffic between vhost-user and my ethernet interface: build/app/dpdk-testpmd -l 0,1 -w 00:19.0 \ --vdev net_vhost0,iface=/run/vhost-user0.sock The -w value is the PCI address of the ethernet interface. Note how "00:19" corresponds to "p0s25". (19 in hex is 25 is decimal.) (6) Start a VM. The relevant QEMU flags appear to be: -chardev socket,id=char0,path=/run/vhost-user0.sock \ -netdev type=vhost-user,id=net0,chardev=char0,vhostforce \ -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0 \ -object memory-backend-file,id=mem0,size=1024M,mem-path=/dev/hugepages,share=on \ -numa node,memdev=mem0 \ -mem-prealloc I figured this all out mostly from a guide for a DPDK benchmark[5]. I have not yet experimented with variations on the QEMU flags yet. I'm not sure if all the memory flags are required -- -mem-prealloc might just be there because it was important for a benchmark, for example. So this is the point I'm at with this exploration. Next up, I'll be trying with DPDK inside a VM with a virtio-vhost-user device. I think that maybe, despite the virtio-vhost-user device showing up as an ethernet device inside the VM, it needs some special support which is available for DPDK as a patchset, but that has not been written for the kernel yet. I was a bit worried about this, because unlike the kernel, DPDK isn't going to have things that Wi-Fi drivers for all sorts of different hardware, and so using DPDK instead of the kernel network stack would be a problem. But then I learned that DPDK has a component called the Kernel Native Interface (KNI) which allows it to use network interfaces from the kernel, so a hybrid approach would be possible, and is what I think we'll end up using for now. Then, once virtio-vhost-user is a bit more mature, a kernel driver will probably show up, and we can use that instead and drop DPDK. [4]: https://dpdk.org/ [5]: https://doc.dpdk.org/guides/howto/pvp_reference_benchmark.html?highlight=pvp Website ------- I was having a conversation about Spectrum yesterday, and I found myself sending over a bunch of links to articles and papers that I often find myself referring to when talking to somebody about Spectrum. This made me think that maybe there should be some place where we keep all these relevant articles. So I mined the IRC logs, the TWiS archive, and my blog, and added whatever I could pull from my brain, and wrote a Spectrum bibliography, containing 27 links to interesting articles and papers that are particularly relevant to Spectrum. This isn't on the website quite yet, but I did sent this as a patch[6] to the mailing list, if you want an early look. I also posted a patch to fix a minor issue where I'd mistakenly used ".." instead of "." as href values, to no user-visible effect[7]. [6]: https://spectrum-os.org/lists/archives/spectrum-devel/20200726045701.32259-… [7]: https://spectrum-os.org/lists/archives/spectrum-devel/20200726055410.20641-… Documentation ------------- On Monday, I had a call with the Free Software Foundation Europe. They're a part of NGI Zero (where my funding comes from), and they are promoting their new "REUSE" specification[8] for license information in free software projects to NGI Zero projects. It basically covers standardised per-file license and copyright annotations, and a standard way of including license texts. I think this is really cool! It's something I've been unsure of how to handle because it's all vague conventions that are different in different circles, and it's nice to see something formalised about it. They also have an automated tool[9] for checking compliance and semi-automatically adding license information, which is great! So I'm enthusiastically adopting the REUSE specification. I decided that our smaller, first-party repositories (the documentation, the website, etc.) would be a good place to get started, and so I posted a patch[10] that makes the documentation repository REUSE-compliant. [8]: https://reuse.software/ [9]: https://git.fsfe.org/reuse/tool [10]: https://spectrum-os.org/lists/archives/spectrum-devel/20200726105527.27432-… mktuntap -------- I posted a patch[11] to make mktuntap REUSE-compliant. [11]: https://spectrum-os.org/lists/archives/spectrum-devel/20200726110123.30159-… The thing that's most on my mind this week is the extent to which I'm learning about and working on software like QEMU and DPDK that I don't see having a place in Spectrum in the long run. It's counterintuitive, but this is definitely worth it. There's no point writing a kernel driver for virtio-vhost-user (should such a thing be required) right now, because if I use DPDK for now instead, at some point either virtio-vhost-user will end up not being the thing that gets adopted by the ecosystem and we'll have to move to something else, or (more likely) it gets widely adopted and somebody else writes a kernel driver. Similarly, using QEMU for network VMs is the smart choice even though I don't want it to end up in the TCB, because even though I'm probably going to end up implementing virtio-vhost-user in crosvm later, swapping out QEMU is going to be so easy later that it would be a very bad idea to implement that now in case virtio-vhost-user doesn't take off. But it still /feels/ weird to be using QEMU for this stuff, you know?

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This Week in Spectrum, 2020-W29
by Alyssa Ross 20 Jul '20

20 Jul '20

This has been a week of thinking I wanted to do one thing, not being sure how to do it, and finding out that there was a better way. I'll write it up in the order it happened. crosvm ------ Last week, I described that I wanted to implement a virtio proxy to be able to allow a kernel in an application VM to use a virtual device in another VM. I was wondering how to manage virtio buffers, and thought that I probably wanted an allocator to be able to manage throwing buffers of different sizes around. This turned out to be a case of the XY problem[1]. I couldn't find a good solution, but it turned out that an allocator wasn't what I wanted anyway. edef pointed out that I could just make the shared memory I allocated as big as necessary to hold buffers of the maximum size I wanted to support. The kernel will only actually allocate pages as they are written to, and I could use fallocate[2] with FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE to tell the kernel it can drop pages when I'm done with them. This would mean that an unusually large buffer would only take up lots of memory while it was in use, and as soon as it was done with, the kernel would be able to take back the memory. So exactly what I wanted from an allocator, but with no need for an allocator at all! This made the implementation much simpler, and by Friday I was able to get the proxy into a state where it could pass unit tests that transported messages in both directions through it. And then it was suggested to me that maybe a virtio proxy is not what I want after all. The main disadvantage to a virtio proxy is that it requires context switching to the host to send data between VMs. This is a trade-off I was aware of, but a virtio proxy is pretty straightforward to write as inter-VM communication systems go, and I was not aware of anything else that would be up to the job. As it turns out, there is something. vhost-user is a mechanism for connecting, say, a virtio device to a userspace network stack in a performant way. I was aware of this, but what I was not aware of was virtio-vhost-user[3]. virtio-vhost-user is a proposed mechanism to allow a VMM to forward a vhost-user backend to a VM. This means that two VMs could directly share virtqueues, with no host copy step. This would mean there would be no opportunity for the host to mediate communication between two guests, but that wasn't really on the cards anyway -- if it's ever required, a virtio proxy would probably be the way to go. For all the other cases, virtio-vhost-user would be a faster, cleaner way of sharing network devices between VMs. The main problem with virtio-vhost-user is that it's still in its infancy. There's a patchset[4] implementing it for QEMU that's a couple of years old, but that has not been accepted upstream. The main blocker for this seems to be first standardising it in the Virtio spec[5][6]. The good news here is that the standardisation process seems to be progressing actively at the moment. It's being discussed on the virtio-dev mailing list basically right now, with the most recent emails dated Friday (unfortunately, I don't know of a good web archive with virtio-dev, but you can find the thread on Gmane if you're interested but not subscribed to the list). The good news is that virtio-vhost-user mostly works by composing things that already exist. There's no kernel work required, because devices are just exposed by the VMM as regular virtio devices. The frontend VM (i.e. the one that uses the virtual device, as opposed to the one that provides it) doesn't need any special virtio-vhost-user support, because it just needs to speak normal vhost-user. Only the backend VM needs support for virtio-vhost-user, because its VMM needs to expose the vhost-user backend from the host to that VM. This means that provisionally using virtio-vhost-user in Spectrum actually looks very feasible, with a couple of compromises. For evaluation purposes, it's not worth writing a virtio-vhost-user device for crosvm. But, the VMs that need that device are the ones that are very specialised -- VMs that manage networking or block devices or similar. So for these VMs, for now, we could use QEMU, with the virtio-vhost-user patch. I investigated what it would take to port it to the most recent QEMU version, and the answer appears to be "not much at all". Obviously having two VMMs in the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) isn't something we'd want in the long term, but it would be fine for, say, reaching the next funding milestone. If we decide that virtio-vhost-user is the way to go after all, support in crosvm can be added then -- in general, adding a new virtio device to crosvm isn't a huge undertaking. Earlier, I said that the application side of the communication doesn't need anything special, because to that it's just regular vhost-user. This is true, but I glossed over there that crosvm doesn't actually implement vhost-user. Implementing vhost-user in crosvm would probably be a big deal at this stage, and not something I feel would be a good use of my time. BUT! Remember, crosvm has two children: Amazon's Firecracker[7], and at so-called "serverless" computing; and Intel's Cloud Hypervisor[8], which aims at traditional, full system server virtualisation. And both of these children inherited the crosvm device model from their parents, and Cloud Hypervisor implements vhost-user[9]. So I _think_ it should be possible to pretty much lift the vhost-user implementation from Cloud Hypervisor, and use it in crosvm. Pretty neat! So, the setup I'd like to evaluate is QEMU with the virtio-vhost-user patch on one side, and crosvm with Cloud Hypervisor's vhost-user implementation on the other. It might well be that there are complications here. If there are, I'll probably just finish the proxy and move on for now, because I want to keep up the pace. I do think that virtio-vhost-user is probably the way to do interguest networking in the long-term, though. Another thing that I've realised is that I don't need to worry about pulling bits out of crosvm to run in other VMs. I focused a lot on that towards the beginning of the year, mostly motivated by Wayland, because the virtio wayland implementation in crosvm is the only one there is. Now that that works in a different way, though, there's no need to continue down this path, because things like networking can be done in more normal ways through virtio and the device VM kernel. [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_problem [2]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fallocate.2.html [3]: https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VirtioVhostUser [4]: https://github.com/stefanha/qemu/compare/master...virtio-vhost-user [5]: https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2019-04/msg03082.html [6]: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/csprd01/virtio-v1.1-csprd01.… [7]: https://firecracker-microvm.github.io/ [8]: https://github.com/cloud-hypervisor/cloud-hypervisor [9]: https://github.com/cloud-hypervisor/cloud-hypervisor/blob/b4d04bdff6a7e2c3d… Overall, it's been frustrating for me to try things, and discover they're not going to work, or not going to work as well as some other thing, and make a call on whether to keep going on something I know is the worse option or switch to the better thing. I have to keep reminding myself that Spectrum is a research project, and there are always going to be false starts like this. Lots of what we're doing is either very unusual (virtio-vhost-user) or brand new (interguest Wayland), after all.

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This Week in Spectrum,
by Alyssa Ross 13 Jul '20

13 Jul '20

After I got an isolated Wayland compositor working last week, I wasn't really sure what to do next -- this was a big piece of work that I'd been very focused on for a while. The funding milestone I'm closest to is to do with implementing hardware isolation, which the Wayland work was a part of, so I decided to keep going with that, and explore other types of isolation. More on that in a bit. Wayland ------- Posted my patch for virtio_wl display socket support in libwayland-server[1]. This is what allows it to run in a VM, and receive connections from clients in other VMs. The patch description is very extensive, so I recommend reading it for more detail if you're interested. It introduces a libvirtio_wl, which should also be useful for porting other programs that we might want to communicate with across a VM boundary, if they are written with normal Unix sockets in mind (including transferring file descriptors). This is the evolution of code I previously had put in wlroots, moved to Wayland for convenience. If it ever acquires another user (or maybe even if it doesn't) it might make sense to make it its own package, since virtio_wl is useful even if Wayland isn't involved. [1]: https://spectrum-os.org/lists/archives/spectrum-devel/SJ0PR03MB5581479F3388… crosvm ------ I pushed all my crosvm changes to get the isolated compositor working to the work-in-progress "interguest" branch[2]. Remember, I only got it working last week right before I needed to start writing the TWiS email, so I hadn't even done that yet! I also posted some patches[3] to the list to fix a bug in my previous crosvm deadlock fix, and to improve some related documentation. As usual, these were kindly reviewed by Cole. Next, I turned my attention to other forms of hardware isolation. Wayland was a bit special, because despite crosvm including a virtual "Wayland device", it's not really hardware, and so it required an approach to isolation that will be quite different to other crosvm virtual devices. My hope is that other virtual devices should all be substantially similar to each other. The basic idea for actual hardware isolation is that rather than having drivers in the host kernel for USB, network devices, etc. those will be exposed to dedicated VMs as virtual PCI devices. This should substantially reduce host kernel attack surface. crosvm virtual devices will be run in these device VMs, and communicate over virtio with application VMs as normal. This will require implementing in crosvm a virtio proxy device, than allows for the crosvm running an application VM to forward virtio communication to the virtual device running in userspace in the driver VM. (The reason devices aren't attached to application VMs directly but run in seperate device VMs is that hardware is probably not going to be very happy if multiple kernels are trying to talk to it at the same time. Additionally, this indirection means that application VMs only have to use the one virtio driver for that device category, rather than any of the hundreds of drivers for different hardware in that category. If one of those drivers had a vulnerability, this should help to contain it to the device VM.) So I started writing this virtio proxy. The basic idea is to copy virtio buffers from application VM guest memory into memory that can be shared with the userspace virtual device in the device VM. I can't find any prior art on this (which is not unusual -- not many systems isolate drivers in this way), so this has required a lot of looking back at the virtio paper[4] and spec[5] to make sure I understand what to do here. As I write this, the next problem to solve is integrating some sort of memory allocator that can manage buffer allocations in the shared memory that the virtual device looks at. This is a new area for me that I'd appreciate advice on if anybody can give it -- think of it like, I have a memfd, mmaped into my process, and I would like to dynamically allocate and release memory buffers of dynamic sizes in that region. I'm sure there's a library I'll be able to plug in for this. [2]: https://spectrum-os.org/git/crosvm/?h=interguest [3]: https://spectrum-os.org/lists/archives/spectrum-devel/SJ0PR03MB55819DE7E13B… [4]: https://www.ozlabs.org/~rusty/virtio-spec/virtio-paper.pdf [5]: https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.1/csprd01/virtio-v1.1-csprd01.… As usual, big thank you to Cole for reviewing patches, and for finding room for improvement even in languages/areas he isn't familiar with. It feels nice to have done some thinking about the project at a slightly higher level than I have been recently, and to know where I am on the way to the next milestone. Having taken a lot of time away from the milestone list this year to work on fundamentals, it's good to feel like I'm getting back on track.

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[PATCH crosvm 0/2] Fix deadlock on early VmRequest
by Alyssa Ross 09 Jul '20

09 Jul '20

This is the problem you might have seen me complaining about on IRC a couple of days ago. A detailed explanation of the issue and the fix can be found in the second patch message. The fix consists of two patches. The first just adds an API that's needed by the refactored, fixed code. The actual bug fix is in the second patch. Alyssa Ross (2): msg_socket: introduce UnixSeqpacketExt crosvm: fix deadlock on early VmRequest devices/src/virtio/block.rs | 5 + msg_socket/src/lib.rs | 52 ++++++---- src/linux.rs | 201 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------ vm_control/src/lib.rs | 57 +++++++--- 4 files changed, 245 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-) -- 2.26.2

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