{ lib }:

rec {

  ## Simple (higher order) functions

  /* The identity function
     For when you need a function that does “nothing”.

     Type: id :: a -> a
  */
  id =
    # The value to return
    x: x;

  /* The constant function

     Ignores the second argument. If called with only one argument,
     constructs a function that always returns a static value.

     Type: const :: a -> b -> a
     Example:
       let f = const 5; in f 10
       => 5
  */
  const =
    # Value to return
    x:
    # Value to ignore
    y: x;

  /* Pipes a value through a list of functions, left to right.

     Type: pipe :: a -> [<functions>] -> <return type of last function>
     Example:
       pipe 2 [
         (x: x + 2)  # 2 + 2 = 4
         (x: x * 2)  # 4 * 2 = 8
       ]
       => 8

       # ideal to do text transformations
       pipe [ "a/b" "a/c" ] [

         # create the cp command
         (map (file: ''cp "${src}/${file}" $out\n''))

         # concatenate all commands into one string
         lib.concatStrings

         # make that string into a nix derivation
         (pkgs.runCommand "copy-to-out" {})

       ]
       => <drv which copies all files to $out>

     The output type of each function has to be the input type
     of the next function, and the last function returns the
     final value.
  */
  pipe = val: functions:
    let reverseApply = x: f: f x;
    in builtins.foldl' reverseApply val functions;
  /* note please don’t add a function like `compose = flip pipe`.
     This would confuse users, because the order of the functions
     in the list is not clear. With pipe, it’s obvious that it
     goes first-to-last. With `compose`, not so much.
  */

  ## Named versions corresponding to some builtin operators.

  /* Concatenate two lists

     Type: concat :: [a] -> [a] -> [a]

     Example:
       concat [ 1 2 ] [ 3 4 ]
       => [ 1 2 3 4 ]
  */
  concat = x: y: x ++ y;

  /* boolean “or” */
  or = x: y: x || y;

  /* boolean “and” */
  and = x: y: x && y;

  /* bitwise “and” */
  bitAnd = builtins.bitAnd
    or (import ./zip-int-bits.nix
        (a: b: if a==1 && b==1 then 1 else 0));

  /* bitwise “or” */
  bitOr = builtins.bitOr
    or (import ./zip-int-bits.nix
        (a: b: if a==1 || b==1 then 1 else 0));

  /* bitwise “xor” */
  bitXor = builtins.bitXor
    or (import ./zip-int-bits.nix
        (a: b: if a!=b then 1 else 0));

  /* bitwise “not” */
  bitNot = builtins.sub (-1);

  /* Convert a boolean to a string.

     This function uses the strings "true" and "false" to represent
     boolean values. Calling `toString` on a bool instead returns "1"
     and "" (sic!).

     Type: boolToString :: bool -> string
  */
  boolToString = b: if b then "true" else "false";

  /* Merge two attribute sets shallowly, right side trumps left

     mergeAttrs :: attrs -> attrs -> attrs

     Example:
       mergeAttrs { a = 1; b = 2; } { b = 3; c = 4; }
       => { a = 1; b = 3; c = 4; }
  */
  mergeAttrs =
    # Left attribute set
    x:
    # Right attribute set (higher precedence for equal keys)
    y: x // y;

  /* Flip the order of the arguments of a binary function.

     Type: flip :: (a -> b -> c) -> (b -> a -> c)

     Example:
       flip concat [1] [2]
       => [ 2 1 ]
  */
  flip = f: a: b: f b a;

  /* Apply function if the supplied argument is non-null.

     Example:
       mapNullable (x: x+1) null
       => null
       mapNullable (x: x+1) 22
       => 23
  */
  mapNullable =
    # Function to call
    f:
    # Argument to check for null before passing it to `f`
    a: if a == null then a else f a;

  # Pull in some builtins not included elsewhere.
  inherit (builtins)
    pathExists readFile isBool
    isInt isFloat add sub lessThan
    seq deepSeq genericClosure;


  ## nixpks version strings

  /* Returns the current full nixpkgs version number. */
  version = release + versionSuffix;

  /* Returns the current nixpkgs release number as string. */
  release = lib.strings.fileContents ../.version;

  /* Returns the current nixpkgs release code name.

     On each release the first letter is bumped and a new animal is chosen
     starting with that new letter.
  */
  codeName = "Nightingale";

  /* Returns the current nixpkgs version suffix as string. */
  versionSuffix =
    let suffixFile = ../.version-suffix;
    in if pathExists suffixFile
    then lib.strings.fileContents suffixFile
    else "pre-git";

  /* Attempts to return the the current revision of nixpkgs and
     returns the supplied default value otherwise.

     Type: revisionWithDefault :: string -> string
  */
  revisionWithDefault =
    # Default value to return if revision can not be determined
    default:
    let
      revisionFile = "${toString ./..}/.git-revision";
      gitRepo      = "${toString ./..}/.git";
    in if lib.pathIsGitRepo gitRepo
       then lib.commitIdFromGitRepo gitRepo
       else if lib.pathExists revisionFile then lib.fileContents revisionFile
       else default;

  nixpkgsVersion = builtins.trace "`lib.nixpkgsVersion` is deprecated, use `lib.version` instead!" version;

  /* Determine whether the function is being called from inside a Nix
     shell.

     Type: inNixShell :: bool
  */
  inNixShell = builtins.getEnv "IN_NIX_SHELL" != "";


  ## Integer operations

  /* Return minimum of two numbers. */
  min = x: y: if x < y then x else y;

  /* Return maximum of two numbers. */
  max = x: y: if x > y then x else y;

  /* Integer modulus

     Example:
       mod 11 10
       => 1
       mod 1 10
       => 1
  */
  mod = base: int: base - (int * (builtins.div base int));


  ## Comparisons

  /* C-style comparisons

     a < b,  compare a b => -1
     a == b, compare a b => 0
     a > b,  compare a b => 1
  */
  compare = a: b:
    if a < b
    then -1
    else if a > b
         then 1
         else 0;

  /* Split type into two subtypes by predicate `p`, take all elements
     of the first subtype to be less than all the elements of the
     second subtype, compare elements of a single subtype with `yes`
     and `no` respectively.

     Type: (a -> bool) -> (a -> a -> int) -> (a -> a -> int) -> (a -> a -> int)

     Example:
       let cmp = splitByAndCompare (hasPrefix "foo") compare compare; in

       cmp "a" "z" => -1
       cmp "fooa" "fooz" => -1

       cmp "f" "a" => 1
       cmp "fooa" "a" => -1
       # while
       compare "fooa" "a" => 1
  */
  splitByAndCompare =
    # Predicate
    p:
    # Comparison function if predicate holds for both values
    yes:
    # Comparison function if predicate holds for neither value
    no:
    # First value to compare
    a:
    # Second value to compare
    b:
    if p a
    then if p b then yes a b else -1
    else if p b then 1 else no a b;


  /* Reads a JSON file.

     Type :: path -> any
  */
  importJSON = path:
    builtins.fromJSON (builtins.readFile path);


  ## Warnings

  # See https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues/749. Eventually we'd like these
  # to expand to Nix builtins that carry metadata so that Nix can filter out
  # the INFO messages without parsing the message string.
  #
  # Usage:
  # {
  #   foo = lib.warn "foo is deprecated" oldFoo;
  # }
  #
  # TODO: figure out a clever way to integrate location information from
  # something like __unsafeGetAttrPos.

  warn = msg: builtins.trace "warning: ${msg}";
  info = msg: builtins.trace "INFO: ${msg}";

  showWarnings = warnings: res: lib.fold (w: x: warn w x) res warnings;

  ## Function annotations

  /* Add metadata about expected function arguments to a function.
     The metadata should match the format given by
     builtins.functionArgs, i.e. a set from expected argument to a bool
     representing whether that argument has a default or not.
     setFunctionArgs : (a → b) → Map String Bool → (a → b)

     This function is necessary because you can't dynamically create a
     function of the { a, b ? foo, ... }: format, but some facilities
     like callPackage expect to be able to query expected arguments.
  */
  setFunctionArgs = f: args:
    { # TODO: Should we add call-time "type" checking like built in?
      __functor = self: f;
      __functionArgs = args;
    };

  /* Extract the expected function arguments from a function.
     This works both with nix-native { a, b ? foo, ... }: style
     functions and functions with args set with 'setFunctionArgs'. It
     has the same return type and semantics as builtins.functionArgs.
     setFunctionArgs : (a → b) → Map String Bool.
  */
  functionArgs = f: f.__functionArgs or (builtins.functionArgs f);

  /* Check whether something is a function or something
     annotated with function args.
  */
  isFunction = f: builtins.isFunction f ||
    (f ? __functor && isFunction (f.__functor f));

  /* Convert the given positive integer to a string of its hexadecimal
     representation. For example:

     toHexString 0 => "0"

     toHexString 16 => "10"

     toHexString 250 => "FA"
  */
  toHexString = i:
    let
      toHexDigit = d:
        if d < 10
        then toString d
        else
          {
            "10" = "A";
            "11" = "B";
            "12" = "C";
            "13" = "D";
            "14" = "E";
            "15" = "F";
          }.${toString d};
    in
      lib.concatMapStrings toHexDigit (toBaseDigits 16 i);

  /* `toBaseDigits base i` converts the positive integer i to a list of its
     digits in the given base. For example:

     toBaseDigits 10 123 => [ 1 2 3 ]

     toBaseDigits 2 6 => [ 1 1 0 ]

     toBaseDigits 16 250 => [ 15 10 ]
  */
  toBaseDigits = base: i:
    let
      go = i:
        if i < base
        then [i]
        else
          let
            r = i - ((i / base) * base);
            q = (i - r) / base;
          in
            [r] ++ go q;
    in
      assert (base >= 2);
      assert (i >= 0);
      lib.reverseList (go i);
}