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-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/acme/default.nix921
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/acme/doc.xml413
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/acme/mk-cert-ownership-assertion.nix4
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/apparmor.nix216
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/apparmor/includes.nix317
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/apparmor/profiles.nix11
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/audit.nix123
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/auditd.nix31
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/ca.nix89
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/chromium-suid-sandbox.nix38
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/dhparams.nix177
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/doas.nix288
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/duosec.nix240
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/google_oslogin.nix71
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/lock-kernel-modules.nix58
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/misc.nix155
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/oath.nix50
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/pam.nix1149
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/pam_mount.nix102
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/pam_usb.nix52
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/polkit.nix112
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/rngd.nix16
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/rtkit.nix47
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/sudo.nix265
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/systemd-confinement.nix202
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/tpm2.nix184
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/wrappers/default.nix305
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/wrappers/wrapper.c233
-rw-r--r--nixos/modules/security/wrappers/wrapper.nix21
29 files changed, 5890 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/acme/default.nix b/nixos/modules/security/acme/default.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d827c448055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/acme/default.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,921 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, options, ... }:
+with lib;
+let
+  cfg = config.security.acme;
+  opt = options.security.acme;
+  user = if cfg.useRoot then "root" else "acme";
+
+  # Used to calculate timer accuracy for coalescing
+  numCerts = length (builtins.attrNames cfg.certs);
+  _24hSecs = 60 * 60 * 24;
+
+  # Used to make unique paths for each cert/account config set
+  mkHash = with builtins; val: substring 0 20 (hashString "sha256" val);
+  mkAccountHash = acmeServer: data: mkHash "${toString acmeServer} ${data.keyType} ${data.email}";
+  accountDirRoot = "/var/lib/acme/.lego/accounts/";
+
+  # There are many services required to make cert renewals work.
+  # They all follow a common structure:
+  #   - They inherit this commonServiceConfig
+  #   - They all run as the acme user
+  #   - They all use BindPath and StateDirectory where possible
+  #     to set up a sort of build environment in /tmp
+  # The Group can vary depending on what the user has specified in
+  # security.acme.certs.<cert>.group on some of the services.
+  commonServiceConfig = {
+    Type = "oneshot";
+    User = user;
+    Group = mkDefault "acme";
+    UMask = 0022;
+    StateDirectoryMode = 750;
+    ProtectSystem = "strict";
+    ReadWritePaths = [
+      "/var/lib/acme"
+    ];
+    PrivateTmp = true;
+
+    WorkingDirectory = "/tmp";
+
+    CapabilityBoundingSet = [ "" ];
+    DevicePolicy = "closed";
+    LockPersonality = true;
+    MemoryDenyWriteExecute = true;
+    NoNewPrivileges = true;
+    PrivateDevices = true;
+    ProtectClock = true;
+    ProtectHome = true;
+    ProtectHostname = true;
+    ProtectControlGroups = true;
+    ProtectKernelLogs = true;
+    ProtectKernelModules = true;
+    ProtectKernelTunables = true;
+    ProtectProc = "invisible";
+    ProcSubset = "pid";
+    RemoveIPC = true;
+    RestrictAddressFamilies = [
+      "AF_INET"
+      "AF_INET6"
+    ];
+    RestrictNamespaces = true;
+    RestrictRealtime = true;
+    RestrictSUIDSGID = true;
+    SystemCallArchitectures = "native";
+    SystemCallFilter = [
+      # 1. allow a reasonable set of syscalls
+      "@system-service"
+      # 2. and deny unreasonable ones
+      "~@privileged @resources"
+      # 3. then allow the required subset within denied groups
+      "@chown"
+    ];
+  };
+
+  # In order to avoid race conditions creating the CA for selfsigned certs,
+  # we have a separate service which will create the necessary files.
+  selfsignCAService = {
+    description = "Generate self-signed certificate authority";
+
+    path = with pkgs; [ minica ];
+
+    unitConfig = {
+      ConditionPathExists = "!/var/lib/acme/.minica/key.pem";
+      StartLimitIntervalSec = 0;
+    };
+
+    serviceConfig = commonServiceConfig // {
+      StateDirectory = "acme/.minica";
+      BindPaths = "/var/lib/acme/.minica:/tmp/ca";
+      UMask = 0077;
+    };
+
+    # Working directory will be /tmp
+    script = ''
+      minica \
+        --ca-key ca/key.pem \
+        --ca-cert ca/cert.pem \
+        --domains selfsigned.local
+    '';
+  };
+
+  # Ensures that directories which are shared across all certs
+  # exist and have the correct user and group, since group
+  # is configurable on a per-cert basis.
+  userMigrationService = let
+    script = with builtins; ''
+      chown -R ${user} .lego/accounts
+    '' + (concatStringsSep "\n" (mapAttrsToList (cert: data: ''
+      for fixpath in ${escapeShellArg cert} .lego/${escapeShellArg cert}; do
+        if [ -d "$fixpath" ]; then
+          chmod -R u=rwX,g=rX,o= "$fixpath"
+          chown -R ${user}:${data.group} "$fixpath"
+        fi
+      done
+    '') certConfigs));
+  in {
+    description = "Fix owner and group of all ACME certificates";
+
+    serviceConfig = commonServiceConfig // {
+      # We don't want this to run every time a renewal happens
+      RemainAfterExit = true;
+
+      # These StateDirectory entries negate the need for tmpfiles
+      StateDirectory = [ "acme" "acme/.lego" "acme/.lego/accounts" ];
+      StateDirectoryMode = 755;
+      WorkingDirectory = "/var/lib/acme";
+
+      # Run the start script as root
+      ExecStart = "+" + (pkgs.writeShellScript "acme-fixperms" script);
+    };
+  };
+
+  certToConfig = cert: data: let
+    acmeServer = data.server;
+    useDns = data.dnsProvider != null;
+    destPath = "/var/lib/acme/${cert}";
+    selfsignedDeps = optionals (cfg.preliminarySelfsigned) [ "acme-selfsigned-${cert}.service" ];
+
+    # Minica and lego have a "feature" which replaces * with _. We need
+    # to make this substitution to reference the output files from both programs.
+    # End users never see this since we rename the certs.
+    keyName = builtins.replaceStrings ["*"] ["_"] data.domain;
+
+    # FIXME when mkChangedOptionModule supports submodules, change to that.
+    # This is a workaround
+    extraDomains = data.extraDomainNames ++ (
+      optionals
+      (data.extraDomains != "_mkMergedOptionModule")
+      (builtins.attrNames data.extraDomains)
+    );
+
+    # Create hashes for cert data directories based on configuration
+    # Flags are separated to avoid collisions
+    hashData = with builtins; ''
+      ${concatStringsSep " " data.extraLegoFlags} -
+      ${concatStringsSep " " data.extraLegoRunFlags} -
+      ${concatStringsSep " " data.extraLegoRenewFlags} -
+      ${toString acmeServer} ${toString data.dnsProvider}
+      ${toString data.ocspMustStaple} ${data.keyType}
+    '';
+    certDir = mkHash hashData;
+    # TODO remove domainHash usage entirely. Waiting on go-acme/lego#1532
+    domainHash = mkHash "${concatStringsSep " " extraDomains} ${data.domain}";
+    accountHash = (mkAccountHash acmeServer data);
+    accountDir = accountDirRoot + accountHash;
+
+    protocolOpts = if useDns then (
+      [ "--dns" data.dnsProvider ]
+      ++ optionals (!data.dnsPropagationCheck) [ "--dns.disable-cp" ]
+      ++ optionals (data.dnsResolver != null) [ "--dns.resolvers" data.dnsResolver ]
+    ) else if data.listenHTTP != null then [ "--http" "--http.port" data.listenHTTP ]
+    else [ "--http" "--http.webroot" data.webroot ];
+
+    commonOpts = [
+      "--accept-tos" # Checking the option is covered by the assertions
+      "--path" "."
+      "-d" data.domain
+      "--email" data.email
+      "--key-type" data.keyType
+    ] ++ protocolOpts
+      ++ optionals (acmeServer != null) [ "--server" acmeServer ]
+      ++ concatMap (name: [ "-d" name ]) extraDomains
+      ++ data.extraLegoFlags;
+
+    # Although --must-staple is common to both modes, it is not declared as a
+    # mode-agnostic argument in lego and thus must come after the mode.
+    runOpts = escapeShellArgs (
+      commonOpts
+      ++ [ "run" ]
+      ++ optionals data.ocspMustStaple [ "--must-staple" ]
+      ++ data.extraLegoRunFlags
+    );
+    renewOpts = escapeShellArgs (
+      commonOpts
+      ++ [ "renew" ]
+      ++ optionals data.ocspMustStaple [ "--must-staple" ]
+      ++ data.extraLegoRenewFlags
+    );
+
+    # We need to collect all the ACME webroots to grant them write
+    # access in the systemd service.
+    webroots =
+      lib.remove null
+        (lib.unique
+            (builtins.map
+            (certAttrs: certAttrs.webroot)
+            (lib.attrValues config.security.acme.certs)));
+  in {
+    inherit accountHash cert selfsignedDeps;
+
+    group = data.group;
+
+    renewTimer = {
+      description = "Renew ACME Certificate for ${cert}";
+      wantedBy = [ "timers.target" ];
+      timerConfig = {
+        OnCalendar = data.renewInterval;
+        Unit = "acme-${cert}.service";
+        Persistent = "yes";
+
+        # Allow systemd to pick a convenient time within the day
+        # to run the check.
+        # This allows the coalescing of multiple timer jobs.
+        # We divide by the number of certificates so that if you
+        # have many certificates, the renewals are distributed over
+        # the course of the day to avoid rate limits.
+        AccuracySec = "${toString (_24hSecs / numCerts)}s";
+
+        # Skew randomly within the day, per https://letsencrypt.org/docs/integration-guide/.
+        RandomizedDelaySec = "24h";
+      };
+    };
+
+    selfsignService = {
+      description = "Generate self-signed certificate for ${cert}";
+      after = [ "acme-selfsigned-ca.service" "acme-fixperms.service" ];
+      requires = [ "acme-selfsigned-ca.service" "acme-fixperms.service" ];
+
+      path = with pkgs; [ minica ];
+
+      unitConfig = {
+        ConditionPathExists = "!/var/lib/acme/${cert}/key.pem";
+        StartLimitIntervalSec = 0;
+      };
+
+      serviceConfig = commonServiceConfig // {
+        Group = data.group;
+        UMask = 0027;
+
+        StateDirectory = "acme/${cert}";
+
+        BindPaths = [
+          "/var/lib/acme/.minica:/tmp/ca"
+          "/var/lib/acme/${cert}:/tmp/${keyName}"
+        ];
+      };
+
+      # Working directory will be /tmp
+      # minica will output to a folder sharing the name of the first domain
+      # in the list, which will be ${data.domain}
+      script = ''
+        minica \
+          --ca-key ca/key.pem \
+          --ca-cert ca/cert.pem \
+          --domains ${escapeShellArg (builtins.concatStringsSep "," ([ data.domain ] ++ extraDomains))}
+
+        # Create files to match directory layout for real certificates
+        cd '${keyName}'
+        cp ../ca/cert.pem chain.pem
+        cat cert.pem chain.pem > fullchain.pem
+        cat key.pem fullchain.pem > full.pem
+
+        # Group might change between runs, re-apply it
+        chown '${user}:${data.group}' *
+
+        # Default permissions make the files unreadable by group + anon
+        # Need to be readable by group
+        chmod 640 *
+      '';
+    };
+
+    renewService = {
+      description = "Renew ACME certificate for ${cert}";
+      after = [ "network.target" "network-online.target" "acme-fixperms.service" "nss-lookup.target" ] ++ selfsignedDeps;
+      wants = [ "network-online.target" "acme-fixperms.service" ] ++ selfsignedDeps;
+
+      # https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/81371#issuecomment-605526099
+      wantedBy = optionals (!config.boot.isContainer) [ "multi-user.target" ];
+
+      path = with pkgs; [ lego coreutils diffutils openssl ];
+
+      serviceConfig = commonServiceConfig // {
+        Group = data.group;
+
+        # Keep in mind that these directories will be deleted if the user runs
+        # systemctl clean --what=state
+        # acme/.lego/${cert} is listed for this reason.
+        StateDirectory = [
+          "acme/${cert}"
+          "acme/.lego/${cert}"
+          "acme/.lego/${cert}/${certDir}"
+          "acme/.lego/accounts/${accountHash}"
+        ];
+
+        ReadWritePaths = commonServiceConfig.ReadWritePaths ++ webroots;
+
+        # Needs to be space separated, but can't use a multiline string because that'll include newlines
+        BindPaths = [
+          "${accountDir}:/tmp/accounts"
+          "/var/lib/acme/${cert}:/tmp/out"
+          "/var/lib/acme/.lego/${cert}/${certDir}:/tmp/certificates"
+        ];
+
+        # Only try loading the credentialsFile if the dns challenge is enabled
+        EnvironmentFile = mkIf useDns data.credentialsFile;
+
+        # Run as root (Prefixed with +)
+        ExecStartPost = "+" + (pkgs.writeShellScript "acme-postrun" ''
+          cd /var/lib/acme/${escapeShellArg cert}
+          if [ -e renewed ]; then
+            rm renewed
+            ${data.postRun}
+            ${optionalString (data.reloadServices != [])
+                "systemctl --no-block try-reload-or-restart ${escapeShellArgs data.reloadServices}"
+            }
+          fi
+        '');
+      } // optionalAttrs (data.listenHTTP != null && toInt (elemAt (splitString ":" data.listenHTTP) 1) < 1024) {
+        CapabilityBoundingSet = [ "CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE" ];
+      };
+
+      # Working directory will be /tmp
+      script = ''
+        ${optionalString data.enableDebugLogs "set -x"}
+        set -euo pipefail
+
+        # This reimplements the expiration date check, but without querying
+        # the acme server first. By doing this offline, we avoid errors
+        # when the network or DNS are unavailable, which can happen during
+        # nixos-rebuild switch.
+        is_expiration_skippable() {
+          pem=$1
+
+          # This function relies on set -e to exit early if any of the
+          # conditions or programs fail.
+
+          [[ -e $pem ]]
+
+          expiration_line="$(
+            set -euxo pipefail
+            openssl x509 -noout -enddate <$pem \
+                  | grep notAfter \
+                  | sed -e 's/^notAfter=//'
+          )"
+          [[ -n "$expiration_line" ]]
+
+          expiration_date="$(date -d "$expiration_line" +%s)"
+          now="$(date +%s)"
+          expiration_s=$[expiration_date - now]
+          expiration_days=$[expiration_s / (3600 * 24)]   # rounds down
+
+          [[ $expiration_days -gt ${toString data.validMinDays} ]]
+        }
+
+        ${optionalString (data.webroot != null) ''
+          # Ensure the webroot exists. Fixing group is required in case configuration was changed between runs.
+          # Lego will fail if the webroot does not exist at all.
+          (
+            mkdir -p '${data.webroot}/.well-known/acme-challenge' \
+            && chgrp '${data.group}' ${data.webroot}/.well-known/acme-challenge
+          ) || (
+            echo 'Please ensure ${data.webroot}/.well-known/acme-challenge exists and is writable by acme:${data.group}' \
+            && exit 1
+          )
+        ''}
+
+        echo '${domainHash}' > domainhash.txt
+
+        # Check if we can renew.
+        # We can only renew if the list of domains has not changed.
+        if cmp -s domainhash.txt certificates/domainhash.txt && [ -e 'certificates/${keyName}.key' -a -e 'certificates/${keyName}.crt' -a -n "$(ls -1 accounts)" ]; then
+
+          # Even if a cert is not expired, it may be revoked by the CA.
+          # Try to renew, and silently fail if the cert is not expired.
+          # Avoids #85794 and resolves #129838
+          if ! lego ${renewOpts} --days ${toString data.validMinDays}; then
+            if is_expiration_skippable out/full.pem; then
+              echo 1>&2 "nixos-acme: Ignoring failed renewal because expiration isn't within the coming ${toString data.validMinDays} days"
+            else
+              # High number to avoid Systemd reserved codes.
+              exit 11
+            fi
+          fi
+
+        # Otherwise do a full run
+        elif ! lego ${runOpts}; then
+          # Produce a nice error for those doing their first nixos-rebuild with these certs
+          echo Failed to fetch certificates. \
+            This may mean your DNS records are set up incorrectly. \
+            ${optionalString (cfg.preliminarySelfsigned) "Selfsigned certs are in place and dependant services will still start."}
+          # Exit 10 so that users can potentially amend SuccessExitStatus to ignore this error.
+          # High number to avoid Systemd reserved codes.
+          exit 10
+        fi
+
+        mv domainhash.txt certificates/
+
+        # Group might change between runs, re-apply it
+        chown '${user}:${data.group}' certificates/*
+
+        # Copy all certs to the "real" certs directory
+        if ! cmp -s 'certificates/${keyName}.crt' out/fullchain.pem; then
+          touch out/renewed
+          echo Installing new certificate
+          cp -vp 'certificates/${keyName}.crt' out/fullchain.pem
+          cp -vp 'certificates/${keyName}.key' out/key.pem
+          cp -vp 'certificates/${keyName}.issuer.crt' out/chain.pem
+          ln -sf fullchain.pem out/cert.pem
+          cat out/key.pem out/fullchain.pem > out/full.pem
+        fi
+
+        # By default group will have no access to the cert files.
+        # This chmod will fix that.
+        chmod 640 out/*
+      '';
+    };
+  };
+
+  certConfigs = mapAttrs certToConfig cfg.certs;
+
+  # These options can be specified within
+  # security.acme.defaults or security.acme.certs.<name>
+  inheritableModule = isDefaults: { config, ... }: let
+    defaultAndText = name: default: {
+      # When ! isDefaults then this is the option declaration for the
+      # security.acme.certs.<name> path, which has the extra inheritDefaults
+      # option, which if disabled means that we can't inherit it
+      default = if isDefaults || ! config.inheritDefaults then default else cfg.defaults.${name};
+      # The docs however don't need to depend on inheritDefaults, they should
+      # stay constant. Though notably it wouldn't matter much, because to get
+      # the option information, a submodule with name `<name>` is evaluated
+      # without any definitions.
+      defaultText = if isDefaults then default else literalExpression "config.security.acme.defaults.${name}";
+    };
+  in {
+    options = {
+      validMinDays = mkOption {
+        type = types.int;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "validMinDays" 30) default defaultText;
+        description = "Minimum remaining validity before renewal in days.";
+      };
+
+      renewInterval = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "renewInterval" "daily") default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Systemd calendar expression when to check for renewal. See
+          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle>
+          <manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      enableDebugLogs = mkEnableOption "debug logging for this certificate" // {
+        inherit (defaultAndText "enableDebugLogs" true) default defaultText;
+      };
+
+      webroot = mkOption {
+        type = types.nullOr types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "webroot" null) default defaultText;
+        example = "/var/lib/acme/acme-challenge";
+        description = ''
+          Where the webroot of the HTTP vhost is located.
+          <filename>.well-known/acme-challenge/</filename> directory
+          will be created below the webroot if it doesn't exist.
+          <literal>http://example.org/.well-known/acme-challenge/</literal> must also
+          be available (notice unencrypted HTTP).
+        '';
+      };
+
+      server = mkOption {
+        type = types.nullOr types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "server" null) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          ACME Directory Resource URI. Defaults to Let's Encrypt's
+          production endpoint,
+          <link xlink:href="https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"/>, if unset.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      email = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "email" null) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Email address for account creation and correspondence from the CA.
+          It is recommended to use the same email for all certs to avoid account
+          creation limits.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      group = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "group" "acme") default defaultText;
+        description = "Group running the ACME client.";
+      };
+
+      reloadServices = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "reloadServices" []) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          The list of systemd services to call <code>systemctl try-reload-or-restart</code>
+          on.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      postRun = mkOption {
+        type = types.lines;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "postRun" "") default defaultText;
+        example = "cp full.pem backup.pem";
+        description = ''
+          Commands to run after new certificates go live. Note that
+          these commands run as the root user.
+
+          Executed in the same directory with the new certificate.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      keyType = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "keyType" "ec256") default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Key type to use for private keys.
+          For an up to date list of supported values check the --key-type option
+          at <link xlink:href="https://go-acme.github.io/lego/usage/cli/#usage"/>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      dnsProvider = mkOption {
+        type = types.nullOr types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "dnsProvider" null) default defaultText;
+        example = "route53";
+        description = ''
+          DNS Challenge provider. For a list of supported providers, see the "code"
+          field of the DNS providers listed at <link xlink:href="https://go-acme.github.io/lego/dns/"/>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      dnsResolver = mkOption {
+        type = types.nullOr types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "dnsResolver" null) default defaultText;
+        example = "1.1.1.1:53";
+        description = ''
+          Set the resolver to use for performing recursive DNS queries. Supported:
+          host:port. The default is to use the system resolvers, or Google's DNS
+          resolvers if the system's cannot be determined.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      credentialsFile = mkOption {
+        type = types.path;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "credentialsFile" null) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Path to an EnvironmentFile for the cert's service containing any required and
+          optional environment variables for your selected dnsProvider.
+          To find out what values you need to set, consult the documentation at
+          <link xlink:href="https://go-acme.github.io/lego/dns/"/> for the corresponding dnsProvider.
+        '';
+        example = "/var/src/secrets/example.org-route53-api-token";
+      };
+
+      dnsPropagationCheck = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "dnsPropagationCheck" true) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Toggles lego DNS propagation check, which is used alongside DNS-01
+          challenge to ensure the DNS entries required are available.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      ocspMustStaple = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "ocspMustStaple" false) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Turns on the OCSP Must-Staple TLS extension.
+          Make sure you know what you're doing! See:
+          <itemizedlist>
+            <listitem><para><link xlink:href="https://blog.apnic.net/2019/01/15/is-the-web-ready-for-ocsp-must-staple/" /></para></listitem>
+            <listitem><para><link xlink:href="https://blog.hboeck.de/archives/886-The-Problem-with-OCSP-Stapling-and-Must-Staple-and-why-Certificate-Revocation-is-still-broken.html" /></para></listitem>
+          </itemizedlist>
+        '';
+      };
+
+      extraLegoFlags = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "extraLegoFlags" []) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Additional global flags to pass to all lego commands.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      extraLegoRenewFlags = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "extraLegoRenewFlags" []) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Additional flags to pass to lego renew.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      extraLegoRunFlags = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.str;
+        inherit (defaultAndText "extraLegoRunFlags" []) default defaultText;
+        description = ''
+          Additional flags to pass to lego run.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  certOpts = { name, config, ... }: {
+    options = {
+      # user option has been removed
+      user = mkOption {
+        visible = false;
+        default = "_mkRemovedOptionModule";
+      };
+
+      # allowKeysForGroup option has been removed
+      allowKeysForGroup = mkOption {
+        visible = false;
+        default = "_mkRemovedOptionModule";
+      };
+
+      # extraDomains was replaced with extraDomainNames
+      extraDomains = mkOption {
+        visible = false;
+        default = "_mkMergedOptionModule";
+      };
+
+      directory = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        readOnly = true;
+        default = "/var/lib/acme/${name}";
+        description = "Directory where certificate and other state is stored.";
+      };
+
+      domain = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        default = name;
+        description = "Domain to fetch certificate for (defaults to the entry name).";
+      };
+
+      extraDomainNames = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.str;
+        default = [];
+        example = literalExpression ''
+          [
+            "example.org"
+            "mydomain.org"
+          ]
+        '';
+        description = ''
+          A list of extra domain names, which are included in the one certificate to be issued.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      # This setting must be different for each configured certificate, otherwise
+      # two or more renewals may fail to bind to the address. Hence, it is not in
+      # the inheritableOpts.
+      listenHTTP = mkOption {
+        type = types.nullOr types.str;
+        default = null;
+        example = ":1360";
+        description = ''
+          Interface and port to listen on to solve HTTP challenges
+          in the form [INTERFACE]:PORT.
+          If you use a port other than 80, you must proxy port 80 to this port.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      inheritDefaults = mkOption {
+        default = true;
+        example = true;
+        description = "Whether to inherit values set in `security.acme.defaults` or not.";
+        type = lib.types.bool;
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+in {
+
+  options = {
+    security.acme = {
+      preliminarySelfsigned = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = true;
+        description = ''
+          Whether a preliminary self-signed certificate should be generated before
+          doing ACME requests. This can be useful when certificates are required in
+          a webserver, but ACME needs the webserver to make its requests.
+
+          With preliminary self-signed certificate the webserver can be started and
+          can later reload the correct ACME certificates.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      acceptTerms = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Accept the CA's terms of service. The default provider is Let's Encrypt,
+          you can find their ToS at <link xlink:href="https://letsencrypt.org/repository/"/>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      useRoot = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Whether to use the root user when generating certs. This is not recommended
+          for security + compatiblity reasons. If a service requires root owned certificates
+          consider following the guide on "Using ACME with services demanding root
+          owned certificates" in the NixOS manual, and only using this as a fallback
+          or for testing.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      defaults = mkOption {
+        type = types.submodule (inheritableModule true);
+        description = ''
+          Default values inheritable by all configured certs. You can
+          use this to define options shared by all your certs. These defaults
+          can also be ignored on a per-cert basis using the
+          `security.acme.certs.''${cert}.inheritDefaults' option.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      certs = mkOption {
+        default = { };
+        type = with types; attrsOf (submodule [ (inheritableModule false) certOpts ]);
+        description = ''
+          Attribute set of certificates to get signed and renewed. Creates
+          <literal>acme-''${cert}.{service,timer}</literal> systemd units for
+          each certificate defined here. Other services can add dependencies
+          to those units if they rely on the certificates being present,
+          or trigger restarts of the service if certificates get renewed.
+        '';
+        example = literalExpression ''
+          {
+            "example.com" = {
+              webroot = "/var/lib/acme/acme-challenge/";
+              email = "foo@example.com";
+              extraDomainNames = [ "www.example.com" "foo.example.com" ];
+            };
+            "bar.example.com" = {
+              webroot = "/var/lib/acme/acme-challenge/";
+              email = "bar@example.com";
+            };
+          }
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  imports = [
+    (mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "production" ] ''
+      Use security.acme.server to define your staging ACME server URL instead.
+
+      To use the let's encrypt staging server, use security.acme.server =
+      "https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory".
+    '')
+    (mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "directory" ] "ACME Directory is now hardcoded to /var/lib/acme and its permisisons are managed by systemd. See https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/53852 for more info.")
+    (mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "preDelay" ] "This option has been removed. If you want to make sure that something executes before certificates are provisioned, add a RequiredBy=acme-\${cert}.service to the service you want to execute before the cert renewal")
+    (mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "activationDelay" ] "This option has been removed. If you want to make sure that something executes before certificates are provisioned, add a RequiredBy=acme-\${cert}.service to the service you want to execute before the cert renewal")
+    (mkChangedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "validMin" ] [ "security" "acme" "defaults" "validMinDays" ] (config: config.security.acme.validMin / (24 * 3600)))
+    (mkChangedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "validMinDays" ] [ "security" "acme" "defaults" "validMinDays" ] (config: config.security.acme.validMinDays))
+    (mkChangedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "renewInterval" ] [ "security" "acme" "defaults" "renewInterval" ] (config: config.security.acme.renewInterval))
+    (mkChangedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "email" ] [ "security" "acme" "defaults" "email" ] (config: config.security.acme.email))
+    (mkChangedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "server" ] [ "security" "acme" "defaults" "server" ] (config: config.security.acme.server))
+    (mkChangedOptionModule [ "security" "acme" "enableDebugLogs" ] [ "security" "acme" "defaults" "enableDebugLogs" ] (config: config.security.acme.enableDebugLogs))
+  ];
+
+  config = mkMerge [
+    (mkIf (cfg.certs != { }) {
+
+      # FIXME Most of these custom warnings and filters for security.acme.certs.* are required
+      # because using mkRemovedOptionModule/mkChangedOptionModule with attrsets isn't possible.
+      warnings = filter (w: w != "") (mapAttrsToList (cert: data: if data.extraDomains != "_mkMergedOptionModule" then ''
+        The option definition `security.acme.certs.${cert}.extraDomains` has changed
+        to `security.acme.certs.${cert}.extraDomainNames` and is now a list of strings.
+        Setting a custom webroot for extra domains is not possible, instead use separate certs.
+      '' else "") cfg.certs);
+
+      assertions = let
+        certs = attrValues cfg.certs;
+      in [
+        {
+          assertion = cfg.email != null || all (certOpts: certOpts.email != null) certs;
+          message = ''
+            You must define `security.acme.certs.<name>.email` or
+            `security.acme.email` to register with the CA. Note that using
+            many different addresses for certs may trigger account rate limits.
+          '';
+        }
+        {
+          assertion = cfg.acceptTerms;
+          message = ''
+            You must accept the CA's terms of service before using
+            the ACME module by setting `security.acme.acceptTerms`
+            to `true`. For Let's Encrypt's ToS see https://letsencrypt.org/repository/
+          '';
+        }
+      ] ++ (builtins.concatLists (mapAttrsToList (cert: data: [
+        {
+          assertion = data.user == "_mkRemovedOptionModule";
+          message = ''
+            The option definition `security.acme.certs.${cert}.user' no longer has any effect; Please remove it.
+            Certificate user is now hard coded to the "acme" user. If you would
+            like another user to have access, consider adding them to the
+            "acme" group or changing security.acme.certs.${cert}.group.
+          '';
+        }
+        {
+          assertion = data.allowKeysForGroup == "_mkRemovedOptionModule";
+          message = ''
+            The option definition `security.acme.certs.${cert}.allowKeysForGroup' no longer has any effect; Please remove it.
+            All certs are readable by the configured group. If this is undesired,
+            consider changing security.acme.certs.${cert}.group to an unused group.
+          '';
+        }
+        # * in the cert value breaks building of systemd services, and makes
+        # referencing them as a user quite weird too. Best practice is to use
+        # the domain option.
+        {
+          assertion = ! hasInfix "*" cert;
+          message = ''
+            The cert option path `security.acme.certs.${cert}.dnsProvider`
+            cannot contain a * character.
+            Instead, set `security.acme.certs.${cert}.domain = "${cert}";`
+            and remove the wildcard from the path.
+          '';
+        }
+        {
+          assertion = data.dnsProvider == null || data.webroot == null;
+          message = ''
+            Options `security.acme.certs.${cert}.dnsProvider` and
+            `security.acme.certs.${cert}.webroot` are mutually exclusive.
+          '';
+        }
+        {
+          assertion = data.webroot == null || data.listenHTTP == null;
+          message = ''
+            Options `security.acme.certs.${cert}.webroot` and
+            `security.acme.certs.${cert}.listenHTTP` are mutually exclusive.
+          '';
+        }
+        {
+          assertion = data.listenHTTP == null || data.dnsProvider == null;
+          message = ''
+            Options `security.acme.certs.${cert}.listenHTTP` and
+            `security.acme.certs.${cert}.dnsProvider` are mutually exclusive.
+          '';
+        }
+        {
+          assertion = data.dnsProvider != null || data.webroot != null || data.listenHTTP != null;
+          message = ''
+            One of `security.acme.certs.${cert}.dnsProvider`,
+            `security.acme.certs.${cert}.webroot`, or
+            `security.acme.certs.${cert}.listenHTTP` must be provided.
+          '';
+        }
+      ]) cfg.certs));
+
+      users.users.acme = {
+        home = "/var/lib/acme";
+        group = "acme";
+        isSystemUser = true;
+      };
+
+      users.groups.acme = {};
+
+      systemd.services = {
+        "acme-fixperms" = userMigrationService;
+      } // (mapAttrs' (cert: conf: nameValuePair "acme-${cert}" conf.renewService) certConfigs)
+        // (optionalAttrs (cfg.preliminarySelfsigned) ({
+        "acme-selfsigned-ca" = selfsignCAService;
+      } // (mapAttrs' (cert: conf: nameValuePair "acme-selfsigned-${cert}" conf.selfsignService) certConfigs)));
+
+      systemd.timers = mapAttrs' (cert: conf: nameValuePair "acme-${cert}" conf.renewTimer) certConfigs;
+
+      systemd.targets = let
+        # Create some targets which can be depended on to be "active" after cert renewals
+        finishedTargets = mapAttrs' (cert: conf: nameValuePair "acme-finished-${cert}" {
+          wantedBy = [ "default.target" ];
+          requires = [ "acme-${cert}.service" ];
+          after = [ "acme-${cert}.service" ];
+        }) certConfigs;
+
+        # Create targets to limit the number of simultaneous account creations
+        # How it works:
+        # - Pick a "leader" cert service, which will be in charge of creating the account,
+        #   and run first (requires + after)
+        # - Make all other cert services sharing the same account wait for the leader to
+        #   finish before starting (requiredBy + before).
+        # Using a target here is fine - account creation is a one time event. Even if
+        # systemd clean --what=state is used to delete the account, so long as the user
+        # then runs one of the cert services, there won't be any issues.
+        accountTargets = mapAttrs' (hash: confs: let
+          leader = "acme-${(builtins.head confs).cert}.service";
+          dependantServices = map (conf: "acme-${conf.cert}.service") (builtins.tail confs);
+        in nameValuePair "acme-account-${hash}" {
+          requiredBy = dependantServices;
+          before = dependantServices;
+          requires = [ leader ];
+          after = [ leader ];
+        }) (groupBy (conf: conf.accountHash) (attrValues certConfigs));
+      in finishedTargets // accountTargets;
+    })
+  ];
+
+  meta = {
+    maintainers = lib.teams.acme.members;
+    doc = ./doc.xml;
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/acme/doc.xml b/nixos/modules/security/acme/doc.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f623cc509be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/acme/doc.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+         xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+         xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+         version="5.0"
+         xml:id="module-security-acme">
+ <title>SSL/TLS Certificates with ACME</title>
+ <para>
+  NixOS supports automatic domain validation &amp; certificate retrieval and
+  renewal using the ACME protocol. Any provider can be used, but by default
+  NixOS uses Let's Encrypt. The alternative ACME client
+  <link xlink:href="https://go-acme.github.io/lego/">lego</link> is used under
+  the hood.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+  Automatic cert validation and configuration for Apache and Nginx virtual
+  hosts is included in NixOS, however if you would like to generate a wildcard
+  cert or you are not using a web server you will have to configure DNS
+  based validation.
+ </para>
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-prerequisites">
+  <title>Prerequisites</title>
+
+  <para>
+   To use the ACME module, you must accept the provider's terms of service
+   by setting <literal><xref linkend="opt-security.acme.acceptTerms" /></literal>
+   to <literal>true</literal>. The Let's Encrypt ToS can be found
+   <link xlink:href="https://letsencrypt.org/repository/">here</link>.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   You must also set an email address to be used when creating accounts with
+   Let's Encrypt. You can set this for all certs with
+   <literal><xref linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.email" /></literal>
+   and/or on a per-cert basis with
+   <literal><xref linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.email" /></literal>.
+   This address is only used for registration and renewal reminders,
+   and cannot be used to administer the certificates in any way.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   Alternatively, you can use a different ACME server by changing the
+   <literal><xref linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.server" /></literal> option
+   to a provider of your choosing, or just change the server for one cert with
+   <literal><xref linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.server" /></literal>.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   You will need an HTTP server or DNS server for verification. For HTTP,
+   the server must have a webroot defined that can serve
+   <filename>.well-known/acme-challenge</filename>. This directory must be
+   writeable by the user that will run the ACME client. For DNS, you must
+   set up credentials with your provider/server for use with lego.
+  </para>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-nginx">
+  <title>Using ACME certificates in Nginx</title>
+
+  <para>
+   NixOS supports fetching ACME certificates for you by setting
+   <literal><link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.enableACME">enableACME</link>
+   = true;</literal> in a virtualHost config. We first create self-signed
+   placeholder certificates in place of the real ACME certs. The placeholder
+   certs are overwritten when the ACME certs arrive. For
+   <literal>foo.example.com</literal> the config would look like this:
+  </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.acceptTerms" /> = true;
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.email" /> = "admin+acme@example.com";
+services.nginx = {
+  <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.enable">enable</link> = true;
+  <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts">virtualHosts</link> = {
+    "foo.example.com" = {
+      <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.forceSSL">forceSSL</link> = true;
+      <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.enableACME">enableACME</link> = true;
+      # All serverAliases will be added as <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.extraDomainNames">extra domain names</link> on the certificate.
+      <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.serverAliases">serverAliases</link> = [ "bar.example.com" ];
+      locations."/" = {
+        <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.locations._name_.root">root</link> = "/var/www";
+      };
+    };
+
+    # We can also add a different vhost and reuse the same certificate
+    # but we have to append extraDomainNames manually.
+    <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.extraDomainNames">security.acme.certs."foo.example.com".extraDomainNames</link> = [ "baz.example.com" ];
+    "baz.example.com" = {
+      <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.forceSSL">forceSSL</link> = true;
+      <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.useACMEHost">useACMEHost</link> = "foo.example.com";
+      locations."/" = {
+        <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.locations._name_.root">root</link> = "/var/www";
+      };
+    };
+  };
+}
+</programlisting>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-httpd">
+  <title>Using ACME certificates in Apache/httpd</title>
+
+  <para>
+   Using ACME certificates with Apache virtual hosts is identical
+   to using them with Nginx. The attribute names are all the same, just replace
+   "nginx" with "httpd" where appropriate.
+  </para>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-configuring">
+  <title>Manual configuration of HTTP-01 validation</title>
+
+  <para>
+   First off you will need to set up a virtual host to serve the challenges.
+   This example uses a vhost called <literal>certs.example.com</literal>, with
+   the intent that you will generate certs for all your vhosts and redirect
+   everyone to HTTPS.
+  </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.acceptTerms" /> = true;
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.email" /> = "admin+acme@example.com";
+
+# /var/lib/acme/.challenges must be writable by the ACME user
+# and readable by the Nginx user. The easiest way to achieve
+# this is to add the Nginx user to the ACME group.
+<link linkend="opt-users.users._name_.extraGroups">users.users.nginx.extraGroups</link> = [ "acme" ];
+
+services.nginx = {
+  <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.enable">enable</link> = true;
+  <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts">virtualHosts</link> = {
+    "acmechallenge.example.com" = {
+      # Catchall vhost, will redirect users to HTTPS for all vhosts
+      <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.serverAliases">serverAliases</link> = [ "*.example.com" ];
+      locations."/.well-known/acme-challenge" = {
+        <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.locations._name_.root">root</link> = "/var/lib/acme/.challenges";
+      };
+      locations."/" = {
+        <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.locations._name_.return">return</link> = "301 https://$host$request_uri";
+      };
+    };
+  };
+}
+# Alternative config for Apache
+<link linkend="opt-users.users._name_.extraGroups">users.users.wwwrun.extraGroups</link> = [ "acme" ];
+services.httpd = {
+  <link linkend="opt-services.httpd.enable">enable = true;</link>
+  <link linkend="opt-services.httpd.virtualHosts">virtualHosts</link> = {
+    "acmechallenge.example.com" = {
+      # Catchall vhost, will redirect users to HTTPS for all vhosts
+      <link linkend="opt-services.httpd.virtualHosts._name_.serverAliases">serverAliases</link> = [ "*.example.com" ];
+      # /var/lib/acme/.challenges must be writable by the ACME user and readable by the Apache user.
+      # By default, this is the case.
+      <link linkend="opt-services.httpd.virtualHosts._name_.documentRoot">documentRoot</link> = "/var/lib/acme/.challenges";
+      <link linkend="opt-services.httpd.virtualHosts._name_.extraConfig">extraConfig</link> = ''
+        RewriteEngine On
+        RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
+        RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/\.well-known/acme-challenge [NC]
+        RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301]
+      '';
+    };
+  };
+}
+</programlisting>
+
+  <para>
+   Now you need to configure ACME to generate a certificate.
+  </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.certs"/>."foo.example.com" = {
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.webroot">webroot</link> = "/var/lib/acme/.challenges";
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.email">email</link> = "foo@example.com";
+  # Ensure that the web server you use can read the generated certs
+  # Take a look at the <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.group">group</link> option for the web server you choose.
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.group">group</link> = "nginx";
+  # Since we have a wildcard vhost to handle port 80,
+  # we can generate certs for anything!
+  # Just make sure your DNS resolves them.
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.extraDomainNames">extraDomainNames</link> = [ "mail.example.com" ];
+};
+</programlisting>
+
+  <para>
+   The private key <filename>key.pem</filename> and certificate
+   <filename>fullchain.pem</filename> will be put into
+   <filename>/var/lib/acme/foo.example.com</filename>.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   Refer to <xref linkend="ch-options" /> for all available configuration
+   options for the <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs">security.acme</link>
+   module.
+  </para>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-config-dns">
+  <title>Configuring ACME for DNS validation</title>
+
+  <para>
+   This is useful if you want to generate a wildcard certificate, since
+   ACME servers will only hand out wildcard certs over DNS validation.
+   There are a number of supported DNS providers and servers you can utilise,
+   see the <link xlink:href="https://go-acme.github.io/lego/dns/">lego docs</link>
+   for provider/server specific configuration values. For the sake of these
+   docs, we will provide a fully self-hosted example using bind.
+  </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+services.bind = {
+  <link linkend="opt-services.bind.enable">enable</link> = true;
+  <link linkend="opt-services.bind.extraConfig">extraConfig</link> = ''
+    include "/var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf";
+  '';
+  <link linkend="opt-services.bind.zones">zones</link> = [
+    rec {
+      name = "example.com";
+      file = "/var/db/bind/${name}";
+      master = true;
+      extraConfig = "allow-update { key rfc2136key.example.com.; };";
+    }
+  ];
+}
+
+# Now we can configure ACME
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.acceptTerms" /> = true;
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.email" /> = "admin+acme@example.com";
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.certs" />."example.com" = {
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.domain">domain</link> = "*.example.com";
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.dnsProvider">dnsProvider</link> = "rfc2136";
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.credentialsFile">credentialsFile</link> = "/var/lib/secrets/certs.secret";
+  # We don't need to wait for propagation since this is a local DNS server
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.dnsPropagationCheck">dnsPropagationCheck</link> = false;
+};
+</programlisting>
+
+  <para>
+   The <filename>dnskeys.conf</filename> and <filename>certs.secret</filename>
+   must be kept secure and thus you should not keep their contents in your
+   Nix config. Instead, generate them one time with a systemd service:
+  </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+systemd.services.dns-rfc2136-conf = {
+  requiredBy = ["acme-example.com.service", "bind.service"];
+  before = ["acme-example.com.service", "bind.service"];
+  unitConfig = {
+    ConditionPathExists = "!/var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf";
+  };
+  serviceConfig = {
+    Type = "oneshot";
+    UMask = 0077;
+  };
+  path = [ pkgs.bind ];
+  script = ''
+    mkdir -p /var/lib/secrets
+    tsig-keygen rfc2136key.example.com &gt; /var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf
+    chown named:root /var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf
+    chmod 400 /var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf
+
+    # Copy the secret value from the dnskeys.conf, and put it in
+    # RFC2136_TSIG_SECRET below
+
+    cat &gt; /var/lib/secrets/certs.secret &lt;&lt; EOF
+    RFC2136_NAMESERVER='127.0.0.1:53'
+    RFC2136_TSIG_ALGORITHM='hmac-sha256.'
+    RFC2136_TSIG_KEY='rfc2136key.example.com'
+    RFC2136_TSIG_SECRET='your secret key'
+    EOF
+    chmod 400 /var/lib/secrets/certs.secret
+  '';
+};
+</programlisting>
+
+  <para>
+   Now you're all set to generate certs! You should monitor the first invocation
+   by running <literal>systemctl start acme-example.com.service &amp;
+   journalctl -fu acme-example.com.service</literal> and watching its log output.
+  </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-config-dns-with-vhosts">
+  <title>Using DNS validation with web server virtual hosts</title>
+
+  <para>
+   It is possible to use DNS-01 validation with all certificates,
+   including those automatically configured via the Nginx/Apache
+   <literal><link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.enableACME">enableACME</link></literal>
+   option. This configuration pattern is fully
+   supported and part of the module's test suite for Nginx + Apache.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   You must follow the guide above on configuring DNS-01 validation
+   first, however instead of setting the options for one certificate
+   (e.g. <xref linkend="opt-security.acme.certs._name_.dnsProvider" />)
+   you will set them as defaults
+   (e.g. <xref linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.dnsProvider" />).
+  </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+# Configure ACME appropriately
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.acceptTerms" /> = true;
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.email" /> = "admin+acme@example.com";
+<xref linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults" /> = {
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.dnsProvider">dnsProvider</link> = "rfc2136";
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.credentialsFile">credentialsFile</link> = "/var/lib/secrets/certs.secret";
+  # We don't need to wait for propagation since this is a local DNS server
+  <link linkend="opt-security.acme.defaults.dnsPropagationCheck">dnsPropagationCheck</link> = false;
+};
+
+# For each virtual host you would like to use DNS-01 validation with,
+# set acmeRoot = null
+services.nginx = {
+  <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.enable">enable</link> = true;
+  <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts">virtualHosts</link> = {
+    "foo.example.com" = {
+      <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.enableACME">enableACME</link> = true;
+      <link linkend="opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.acmeRoot">acmeRoot</link> = null;
+    };
+  };
+}
+</programlisting>
+
+  <para>
+   And that's it! Next time your configuration is rebuilt, or when
+   you add a new virtualHost, it will be DNS-01 validated.
+  </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-root-owned">
+  <title>Using ACME with services demanding root owned certificates</title>
+
+  <para>
+   Some services refuse to start if the configured certificate files
+   are not owned by root. PostgreSQL and OpenSMTPD are examples of these.
+   There is no way to change the user the ACME module uses (it will always be
+   <literal>acme</literal>), however you can use systemd's
+   <literal>LoadCredential</literal> feature to resolve this elegantly.
+   Below is an example configuration for OpenSMTPD, but this pattern
+   can be applied to any service.
+  </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+# Configure ACME however you like (DNS or HTTP validation), adding
+# the following configuration for the relevant certificate.
+# Note: You cannot use `systemctl reload` here as that would mean
+# the LoadCredential configuration below would be skipped and
+# the service would continue to use old certificates.
+security.acme.certs."mail.example.com".postRun = ''
+  systemctl restart opensmtpd
+'';
+
+# Now you must augment OpenSMTPD's systemd service to load
+# the certificate files.
+<link linkend="opt-systemd.services._name_.requires">systemd.services.opensmtpd.requires</link> = ["acme-finished-mail.example.com.target"];
+<link linkend="opt-systemd.services._name_.serviceConfig">systemd.services.opensmtpd.serviceConfig.LoadCredential</link> = let
+  certDir = config.security.acme.certs."mail.example.com".directory;
+in [
+  "cert.pem:${certDir}/cert.pem"
+  "key.pem:${certDir}/key.pem"
+];
+
+# Finally, configure OpenSMTPD to use these certs.
+services.opensmtpd = let
+  credsDir = "/run/credentials/opensmtpd.service";
+in {
+  enable = true;
+  setSendmail = false;
+  serverConfiguration = ''
+    pki mail.example.com cert "${credsDir}/cert.pem"
+    pki mail.example.com key "${credsDir}/key.pem"
+    listen on localhost tls pki mail.example.com
+    action act1 relay host smtp://127.0.0.1:10027
+    match for local action act1
+  '';
+};
+</programlisting>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-regenerate">
+  <title>Regenerating certificates</title>
+
+  <para>
+   Should you need to regenerate a particular certificate in a hurry, such
+   as when a vulnerability is found in Let's Encrypt, there is now a convenient
+   mechanism for doing so. Running
+   <literal>systemctl clean --what=state acme-example.com.service</literal>
+   will remove all certificate files and the account data for the given domain,
+   allowing you to then <literal>systemctl start acme-example.com.service</literal>
+   to generate fresh ones.
+  </para>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="module-security-acme-fix-jws">
+  <title>Fixing JWS Verification error</title>
+
+  <para>
+   It is possible that your account credentials file may become corrupt and need
+   to be regenerated. In this scenario lego will produce the error <literal>JWS verification error</literal>.
+   The solution is to simply delete the associated accounts file and
+   re-run the affected service(s).
+  </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+# Find the accounts folder for the certificate
+systemctl cat acme-example.com.service | grep -Po 'accounts/[^:]*'
+export accountdir="$(!!)"
+# Move this folder to some place else
+mv /var/lib/acme/.lego/$accountdir{,.bak}
+# Recreate the folder using systemd-tmpfiles
+systemd-tmpfiles --create
+# Get a new account and reissue certificates
+# Note: Do this for all certs that share the same account email address
+systemctl start acme-example.com.service
+</programlisting>
+
+ </section>
+</chapter>
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/acme/mk-cert-ownership-assertion.nix b/nixos/modules/security/acme/mk-cert-ownership-assertion.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b80d89aeb9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/acme/mk-cert-ownership-assertion.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{ cert, group, groups, user }: {
+  assertion = cert.group == group || builtins.any (u: u == user) groups.${cert.group}.members;
+  message = "Group for certificate ${cert.domain} must be ${group}, or user ${user} must be a member of group ${cert.group}";
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/apparmor.nix b/nixos/modules/security/apparmor.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..be1b0362fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/apparmor.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+  inherit (builtins) attrNames head map match readFile;
+  inherit (lib) types;
+  inherit (config.environment) etc;
+  cfg = config.security.apparmor;
+  mkDisableOption = name: mkEnableOption name // {
+    default = true;
+    example = false;
+  };
+  enabledPolicies = filterAttrs (n: p: p.enable) cfg.policies;
+in
+
+{
+  imports = [
+    (mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "apparmor" "confineSUIDApplications" ] "Please use the new options: `security.apparmor.policies.<policy>.enable'.")
+    (mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "apparmor" "profiles" ] "Please use the new option: `security.apparmor.policies'.")
+    apparmor/includes.nix
+    apparmor/profiles.nix
+  ];
+
+  options = {
+    security.apparmor = {
+      enable = mkEnableOption ''
+        the AppArmor Mandatory Access Control system.
+
+        If you're enabling this module on a running system,
+        note that a reboot will be required to activate AppArmor in the kernel.
+
+        Also, beware that enabling this module privileges stability over security
+        by not trying to kill unconfined but newly confinable running processes by default,
+        though it would be needed because AppArmor can only confine new
+        or already confined processes of an executable.
+        This killing would for instance be necessary when upgrading to a NixOS revision
+        introducing for the first time an AppArmor profile for the executable
+        of a running process.
+
+        Enable <xref linkend="opt-security.apparmor.killUnconfinedConfinables"/>
+        if you want this service to do such killing
+        by sending a <literal>SIGTERM</literal> to those running processes'';
+      policies = mkOption {
+        description = ''
+          AppArmor policies.
+        '';
+        type = types.attrsOf (types.submodule ({ name, config, ... }: {
+          options = {
+            enable = mkDisableOption "loading of the profile into the kernel";
+            enforce = mkDisableOption "enforcing of the policy or only complain in the logs";
+            profile = mkOption {
+              description = "The policy of the profile.";
+              type = types.lines;
+              apply = pkgs.writeText name;
+            };
+          };
+        }));
+        default = {};
+      };
+      includes = mkOption {
+        type = types.attrsOf types.lines;
+        default = {};
+        description = ''
+          List of paths to be added to AppArmor's searched paths
+          when resolving <literal>include</literal> directives.
+        '';
+        apply = mapAttrs pkgs.writeText;
+      };
+      packages = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.package;
+        default = [];
+        description = "List of packages to be added to AppArmor's include path";
+      };
+      enableCache = mkEnableOption ''
+        caching of AppArmor policies
+        in <literal>/var/cache/apparmor/</literal>.
+
+        Beware that AppArmor policies almost always contain Nix store paths,
+        and thus produce at each change of these paths
+        a new cached version accumulating in the cache'';
+      killUnconfinedConfinables = mkEnableOption ''
+        killing of processes which have an AppArmor profile enabled
+        (in <xref linkend="opt-security.apparmor.policies"/>)
+        but are not confined (because AppArmor can only confine new processes).
+
+        This is only sending a gracious <literal>SIGTERM</literal> signal to the processes,
+        not a <literal>SIGKILL</literal>.
+
+        Beware that due to a current limitation of AppArmor,
+        only profiles with exact paths (and no name) can enable such kills'';
+    };
+  };
+
+  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
+    assertions = map (policy:
+      { assertion = match ".*/.*" policy == null;
+        message = "`security.apparmor.policies.\"${policy}\"' must not contain a slash.";
+        # Because, for instance, aa-remove-unknown uses profiles_names_list() in rc.apparmor.functions
+        # which does not recurse into sub-directories.
+      }
+    ) (attrNames cfg.policies);
+
+    environment.systemPackages = [
+      pkgs.apparmor-utils
+      pkgs.apparmor-bin-utils
+    ];
+    environment.etc."apparmor.d".source = pkgs.linkFarm "apparmor.d" (
+      # It's important to put only enabledPolicies here and not all cfg.policies
+      # because aa-remove-unknown reads profiles from all /etc/apparmor.d/*
+      mapAttrsToList (name: p: { inherit name; path = p.profile; }) enabledPolicies ++
+      mapAttrsToList (name: path: { inherit name path; }) cfg.includes
+    );
+    environment.etc."apparmor/parser.conf".text = ''
+        ${if cfg.enableCache then "write-cache" else "skip-cache"}
+        cache-loc /var/cache/apparmor
+        Include /etc/apparmor.d
+      '' +
+      concatMapStrings (p: "Include ${p}/etc/apparmor.d\n") cfg.packages;
+    # For aa-logprof
+    environment.etc."apparmor/apparmor.conf".text = ''
+    '';
+    # For aa-logprof
+    environment.etc."apparmor/severity.db".source = pkgs.apparmor-utils + "/etc/apparmor/severity.db";
+    environment.etc."apparmor/logprof.conf".source = pkgs.runCommand "logprof.conf" {
+      header = ''
+        [settings]
+          # /etc/apparmor.d/ is read-only on NixOS
+          profiledir = /var/cache/apparmor/logprof
+          inactive_profiledir = /etc/apparmor.d/disable
+          # Use: journalctl -b --since today --grep audit: | aa-logprof
+          logfiles = /dev/stdin
+
+          parser = ${pkgs.apparmor-parser}/bin/apparmor_parser
+          ldd = ${pkgs.glibc.bin}/bin/ldd
+          logger = ${pkgs.util-linux}/bin/logger
+
+          # customize how file ownership permissions are presented
+          # 0 - off
+          # 1 - default of what ever mode the log reported
+          # 2 - force the new permissions to be user
+          # 3 - force all perms on the rule to be user
+          default_owner_prompt = 1
+
+          custom_includes = /etc/apparmor.d ${concatMapStringsSep " " (p: "${p}/etc/apparmor.d") cfg.packages}
+
+        [qualifiers]
+          ${pkgs.runtimeShell} = icnu
+          ${pkgs.bashInteractive}/bin/sh = icnu
+          ${pkgs.bashInteractive}/bin/bash = icnu
+          ${config.users.defaultUserShell} = icnu
+      '';
+      footer = "${pkgs.apparmor-utils}/etc/apparmor/logprof.conf";
+      passAsFile = [ "header" ];
+    } ''
+      cp $headerPath $out
+      sed '1,/\[qualifiers\]/d' $footer >> $out
+    '';
+
+    boot.kernelParams = [ "apparmor=1" "security=apparmor" ];
+
+    systemd.services.apparmor = {
+      after = [
+        "local-fs.target"
+        "systemd-journald-audit.socket"
+      ];
+      before = [ "sysinit.target" ];
+      wantedBy = [ "multi-user.target" ];
+      unitConfig = {
+        Description="Load AppArmor policies";
+        DefaultDependencies = "no";
+        ConditionSecurity = "apparmor";
+      };
+      # Reloading instead of restarting enables to load new AppArmor profiles
+      # without necessarily restarting all services which have Requires=apparmor.service
+      reloadIfChanged = true;
+      restartTriggers = [
+        etc."apparmor/parser.conf".source
+        etc."apparmor.d".source
+      ];
+      serviceConfig = let
+        killUnconfinedConfinables = pkgs.writeShellScript "apparmor-kill" ''
+          set -eu
+          ${pkgs.apparmor-bin-utils}/bin/aa-status --json |
+          ${pkgs.jq}/bin/jq --raw-output '.processes | .[] | .[] | select (.status == "unconfined") | .pid' |
+          xargs --verbose --no-run-if-empty --delimiter='\n' \
+          kill
+        '';
+        commonOpts = p: "--verbose --show-cache ${optionalString (!p.enforce) "--complain "}${p.profile}";
+        in {
+        Type = "oneshot";
+        RemainAfterExit = "yes";
+        ExecStartPre = "${pkgs.apparmor-utils}/bin/aa-teardown";
+        ExecStart = mapAttrsToList (n: p: "${pkgs.apparmor-parser}/bin/apparmor_parser --add ${commonOpts p}") enabledPolicies;
+        ExecStartPost = optional cfg.killUnconfinedConfinables killUnconfinedConfinables;
+        ExecReload =
+          # Add or replace into the kernel profiles in enabledPolicies
+          # (because AppArmor can do that without stopping the processes already confined).
+          mapAttrsToList (n: p: "${pkgs.apparmor-parser}/bin/apparmor_parser --replace ${commonOpts p}") enabledPolicies ++
+          # Remove from the kernel any profile whose name is not
+          # one of the names within the content of the profiles in enabledPolicies
+          # (indirectly read from /etc/apparmor.d/*, without recursing into sub-directory).
+          # Note that this does not remove profiles dynamically generated by libvirt.
+          [ "${pkgs.apparmor-utils}/bin/aa-remove-unknown" ] ++
+          # Optionaly kill the processes which are unconfined but now have a profile loaded
+          # (because AppArmor can only start to confine new processes).
+          optional cfg.killUnconfinedConfinables killUnconfinedConfinables;
+        ExecStop = "${pkgs.apparmor-utils}/bin/aa-teardown";
+        CacheDirectory = [ "apparmor" "apparmor/logprof" ];
+        CacheDirectoryMode = "0700";
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  meta.maintainers = with maintainers; [ julm ];
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/apparmor/includes.nix b/nixos/modules/security/apparmor/includes.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f290e95a296
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/apparmor/includes.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+let
+  inherit (builtins) attrNames hasAttr isAttrs;
+  inherit (lib) getLib;
+  inherit (config.environment) etc;
+  # Utility to generate an AppArmor rule
+  # only when the given path exists in config.environment.etc
+  etcRule = arg:
+    let go = { path ? null, mode ? "r", trail ? "" }:
+      lib.optionalString (hasAttr path etc)
+        "${mode} ${config.environment.etc.${path}.source}${trail},";
+    in if isAttrs arg
+    then go arg
+    else go { path = arg; };
+in
+{
+# FIXME: most of the etcRule calls below have been
+# written systematically by converting from apparmor-profiles's profiles
+# without testing nor deep understanding of their uses,
+# and thus may need more rules or can have less rules;
+# this remains to be determined case by case,
+# some may even be completely useless.
+config.security.apparmor.includes = {
+  # This one is included by <tunables/global>
+  # which is usualy included before any profile.
+  "abstractions/tunables/alias" = ''
+    alias /bin -> /run/current-system/sw/bin,
+    alias /lib/modules -> /run/current-system/kernel/lib/modules,
+    alias /sbin -> /run/current-system/sw/sbin,
+    alias /usr -> /run/current-system/sw,
+  '';
+  "abstractions/audio" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/audio"
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      "asound.conf"
+      "esound/esd.conf"
+      "libao.conf"
+      { path = "pulse";  trail = "/"; }
+      { path = "pulse";  trail = "/**"; }
+      { path = "sound";  trail = "/"; }
+      { path = "sound";  trail = "/**"; }
+      { path = "alsa/conf.d";  trail = "/"; }
+      { path = "alsa/conf.d";  trail = "/*"; }
+      "openal/alsoft.conf"
+      "wildmidi/wildmidi.conf"
+    ];
+  "abstractions/authentication" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/authentication"
+    # Defined in security.pam
+    include <abstractions/pam>
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      "nologin"
+      "securetty"
+      { path = "security";  trail = "/*"; }
+      "shadow"
+      "gshadow"
+      "pwdb.conf"
+      "default/passwd"
+      "login.defs"
+    ];
+  "abstractions/base" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/base"
+    r ${pkgs.stdenv.cc.libc}/share/locale/**,
+    r ${pkgs.stdenv.cc.libc}/share/locale.alias,
+    ${lib.optionalString (pkgs.glibcLocales != null) "r ${pkgs.glibcLocales}/lib/locale/locale-archive,"}
+    ${etcRule "localtime"}
+    r ${pkgs.tzdata}/share/zoneinfo/**,
+    r ${pkgs.stdenv.cc.libc}/share/i18n/**,
+  '';
+  "abstractions/bash" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/bash"
+
+    # bash inspects filesystems at startup
+    # and /etc/mtab is linked to /proc/mounts
+    @{PROC}/mounts
+
+    # system-wide bash configuration
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      "profile.dos"
+      "profile"
+      "profile.d"
+      { path = "profile.d";  trail = "/*"; }
+      "bashrc"
+      "bash.bashrc"
+      "bash.bashrc.local"
+      "bash_completion"
+      "bash_completion.d"
+      { path = "bash_completion.d";  trail = "/*"; }
+      # bash relies on system-wide readline configuration
+      "inputrc"
+      # run out of /etc/bash.bashrc
+      "DIR_COLORS"
+    ];
+  "abstractions/consoles" = ''
+     include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/consoles"
+  '';
+  "abstractions/cups-client" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/cups-client"
+    ${etcRule "cups/cups-client.conf"}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/dbus-session-strict" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/dbus-session-strict"
+    ${etcRule "machine-id"}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/dconf" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/dconf"
+    ${etcRule { path = "dconf";  trail = "/**"; }}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/dri-common" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/dri-common"
+    ${etcRule "drirc"}
+  '';
+  # The config.fonts.fontconfig NixOS module adds many files to /etc/fonts/
+  # by symlinking them but without exporting them outside of its NixOS module,
+  # those are therefore added there to this "abstractions/fonts".
+  "abstractions/fonts" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/fonts"
+    ${etcRule { path = "fonts";  trail = "/**"; }}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/gnome" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/gnome"
+    include <abstractions/fonts>
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      { path = "gnome";  trail = "/gtkrc*"; }
+      { path = "gtk";  trail = "/*"; }
+      { path = "gtk-2.0";  trail = "/*"; }
+      { path = "gtk-3.0";  trail = "/*"; }
+      "orbitrc"
+      { path = "pango";  trail = "/*"; }
+      { path = "/etc/gnome-vfs-2.0";  trail = "/modules/"; }
+      { path = "/etc/gnome-vfs-2.0";  trail = "/modules/*"; }
+      "papersize"
+      { path = "cups";  trail = "/lpoptions"; }
+      { path = "gnome";  trail = "/defaults.list"; }
+      { path = "xdg";  trail = "/{,*-}mimeapps.list"; }
+      "xdg/mimeapps.list"
+    ];
+  "abstractions/kde" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kde"
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      { path = "qt3";  trail = "/kstylerc"; }
+      { path = "qt3";  trail = "/qt_plugins_3.3rc"; }
+      { path = "qt3";  trail = "/qtrc"; }
+      "kderc"
+      { path = "kde3";  trail = "/*"; }
+      "kde4rc"
+      { path = "xdg";  trail = "/kdeglobals"; }
+      { path = "xdg";  trail = "/Trolltech.conf"; }
+    ];
+  "abstractions/kerberosclient" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kerberosclient"
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+    { path = "krb5.keytab"; mode="rk"; }
+    "krb5.conf"
+    "krb5.conf.d"
+    { path = "krb5.conf.d";  trail = "/*"; }
+
+    # config files found via strings on libs
+    "krb.conf"
+    "krb.realms"
+    "srvtab"
+    ];
+  "abstractions/ldapclient" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ldapclient"
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      "ldap.conf"
+      "ldap.secret"
+      { path = "openldap";  trail = "/*"; }
+      { path = "openldap";  trail = "/cacerts/*"; }
+      { path = "sasl2";  trail = "/*"; }
+    ];
+  "abstractions/likewise" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/likewise"
+  '';
+  "abstractions/mdns" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/mdns"
+    ${etcRule "nss_mdns.conf"}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/nameservice" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nameservice"
+
+    # Many programs wish to perform nameservice-like operations, such as
+    # looking up users by name or id, groups by name or id, hosts by name
+    # or IP, etc. These operations may be performed through files, dns,
+    # NIS, NIS+, LDAP, hesiod, wins, etc. Allow them all here.
+    mr ${getLib pkgs.nss}/lib/libnss_*.so*,
+    mr ${getLib pkgs.nss}/lib64/libnss_*.so*,
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      "group"
+      "host.conf"
+      "hosts"
+      "nsswitch.conf"
+      "gai.conf"
+      "passwd"
+      "protocols"
+
+      # libtirpc (used for NIS/YP login) needs this
+      "netconfig"
+
+      "resolv.conf"
+
+      { path = "samba";  trail = "/lmhosts"; }
+      "services"
+
+      "default/nss"
+
+      # libnl-3-200 via libnss-gw-name
+      { path = "libnl";  trail = "/classid"; }
+      { path = "libnl-3";  trail = "/classid"; }
+    ];
+  "abstractions/nis" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nis"
+  '';
+  "abstractions/nvidia" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nvidia"
+    ${etcRule "vdpau_wrapper.cfg"}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/opencl-common" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-common"
+    ${etcRule { path = "OpenCL";  trail = "/**"; }}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/opencl-mesa" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-mesa"
+    ${etcRule "default/drirc"}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/openssl" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/openssl"
+    ${etcRule { path = "ssl";  trail = "/openssl.cnf"; }}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/p11-kit" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/p11-kit"
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      { path = "pkcs11";  trail = "/"; }
+      { path = "pkcs11";  trail = "/pkcs11.conf"; }
+      { path = "pkcs11";  trail = "/modules/"; }
+      { path = "pkcs11";  trail = "/modules/*"; }
+    ];
+  "abstractions/perl" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/perl"
+    ${etcRule { path = "perl";  trail = "/**"; }}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/php" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/php"
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      { path = "php";  trail = "/**/"; }
+      { path = "php5";  trail = "/**/"; }
+      { path = "php7";  trail = "/**/"; }
+      { path = "php";  trail = "/**.ini"; }
+      { path = "php5";  trail = "/**.ini"; }
+      { path = "php7";  trail = "/**.ini"; }
+    ];
+  "abstractions/postfix-common" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/postfix-common"
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      "mailname"
+      { path = "postfix";  trail = "/*.cf"; }
+      "postfix/main.cf"
+      "postfix/master.cf"
+    ];
+  "abstractions/python" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/python"
+  '';
+  "abstractions/qt5" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/qt5"
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      { path = "xdg";  trail = "/QtProject/qtlogging.ini"; }
+      { path = "xdg/QtProject";  trail = "/qtlogging.ini"; }
+      "xdg/QtProject/qtlogging.ini"
+    ];
+  "abstractions/samba" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/samba"
+    ${etcRule { path = "samba";  trail = "/*"; }}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/ssl_certs" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ssl_certs"
+
+    # For the NixOS module: security.acme
+    r /var/lib/acme/*/cert.pem,
+    r /var/lib/acme/*/chain.pem,
+    r /var/lib/acme/*/fullchain.pem,
+
+    '' + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
+      "ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
+      "ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt"
+      "pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt"
+
+      { path = "ssl/trust";  trail = "/"; }
+      { path = "ssl/trust";  trail = "/*"; }
+      { path = "ssl/trust/anchors";  trail = "/"; }
+      { path = "ssl/trust/anchors";  trail = "/**"; }
+      { path = "pki/trust";  trail = "/"; }
+      { path = "pki/trust";  trail = "/*"; }
+      { path = "pki/trust/anchors";  trail = "/"; }
+      { path = "pki/trust/anchors";  trail = "/**"; }
+    ];
+  "abstractions/ssl_keys" = ''
+    # security.acme NixOS module
+    r /var/lib/acme/*/full.pem,
+    r /var/lib/acme/*/key.pem,
+  '';
+  "abstractions/vulkan" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/vulkan"
+    ${etcRule { path = "vulkan/icd.d";  trail = "/"; }}
+    ${etcRule { path = "vulkan/icd.d";  trail = "/*.json"; }}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/winbind" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/winbind"
+    ${etcRule { path = "samba";  trail = "/smb.conf"; }}
+    ${etcRule { path = "samba";  trail = "/dhcp.conf"; }}
+  '';
+  "abstractions/X" = ''
+    include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/X"
+    ${etcRule { path = "X11/cursors";  trail = "/"; }}
+    ${etcRule { path = "X11/cursors";  trail = "/**"; }}
+  '';
+};
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/apparmor/profiles.nix b/nixos/modules/security/apparmor/profiles.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8eb630b5a48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/apparmor/profiles.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+let apparmor = config.security.apparmor; in
+{
+config.security.apparmor.packages = [ pkgs.apparmor-profiles ];
+config.security.apparmor.policies."bin.ping".profile = lib.mkIf apparmor.policies."bin.ping".enable ''
+  include "${pkgs.iputils.apparmor}/bin.ping"
+  include "${pkgs.inetutils.apparmor}/bin.ping"
+  # Note that including those two profiles in the same profile
+  # would not work if the second one were to re-include <tunables/global>.
+'';
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/audit.nix b/nixos/modules/security/audit.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2b22bdd9f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/audit.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+  cfg = config.security.audit;
+  enabled = cfg.enable == "lock" || cfg.enable;
+
+  failureModes = {
+    silent = 0;
+    printk = 1;
+    panic  = 2;
+  };
+
+  disableScript = pkgs.writeScript "audit-disable" ''
+    #!${pkgs.runtimeShell} -eu
+    # Explicitly disable everything, as otherwise journald might start it.
+    auditctl -D
+    auditctl -e 0 -a task,never
+  '';
+
+  # TODO: it seems like people like their rules to be somewhat secret, yet they will not be if
+  # put in the store like this. At the same time, it doesn't feel like a huge deal and working
+  # around that is a pain so I'm leaving it like this for now.
+  startScript = pkgs.writeScript "audit-start" ''
+    #!${pkgs.runtimeShell} -eu
+    # Clear out any rules we may start with
+    auditctl -D
+
+    # Put the rules in a temporary file owned and only readable by root
+    rulesfile="$(mktemp)"
+    ${concatMapStrings (x: "echo '${x}' >> $rulesfile\n") cfg.rules}
+
+    # Apply the requested rules
+    auditctl -R "$rulesfile"
+
+    # Enable and configure auditing
+    auditctl \
+      -e ${if cfg.enable == "lock" then "2" else "1"} \
+      -b ${toString cfg.backlogLimit} \
+      -f ${toString failureModes.${cfg.failureMode}} \
+      -r ${toString cfg.rateLimit}
+  '';
+
+  stopScript = pkgs.writeScript "audit-stop" ''
+    #!${pkgs.runtimeShell} -eu
+    # Clear the rules
+    auditctl -D
+
+    # Disable auditing
+    auditctl -e 0
+  '';
+in {
+  options = {
+    security.audit = {
+      enable = mkOption {
+        type        = types.enum [ false true "lock" ];
+        default     = false;
+        description = ''
+          Whether to enable the Linux audit system. The special `lock' value can be used to
+          enable auditing and prevent disabling it until a restart. Be careful about locking
+          this, as it will prevent you from changing your audit configuration until you
+          restart. If possible, test your configuration using build-vm beforehand.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      failureMode = mkOption {
+        type        = types.enum [ "silent" "printk" "panic" ];
+        default     = "printk";
+        description = "How to handle critical errors in the auditing system";
+      };
+
+      backlogLimit = mkOption {
+        type        = types.int;
+        default     = 64; # Apparently the kernel default
+        description = ''
+          The maximum number of outstanding audit buffers allowed; exceeding this is
+          considered a failure and handled in a manner specified by failureMode.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      rateLimit = mkOption {
+        type        = types.int;
+        default     = 0;
+        description = ''
+          The maximum messages per second permitted before triggering a failure as
+          specified by failureMode. Setting it to zero disables the limit.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      rules = mkOption {
+        type        = types.listOf types.str; # (types.either types.str (types.submodule rule));
+        default     = [];
+        example     = [ "-a exit,always -F arch=b64 -S execve" ];
+        description = ''
+          The ordered audit rules, with each string appearing as one line of the audit.rules file.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  config = {
+    systemd.services.audit = {
+      description = "Kernel Auditing";
+      wantedBy = [ "basic.target" ];
+
+      unitConfig = {
+        ConditionVirtualization = "!container";
+        ConditionSecurity = [ "audit" ];
+      };
+
+
+      path = [ pkgs.audit ];
+
+      serviceConfig = {
+        Type = "oneshot";
+        RemainAfterExit = true;
+        ExecStart = "@${if enabled then startScript else disableScript} audit-start";
+        ExecStop  = "@${stopScript} audit-stop";
+      };
+    };
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/auditd.nix b/nixos/modules/security/auditd.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9d26cfbcfb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/auditd.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+{
+  options.security.auditd.enable = mkEnableOption "the Linux Audit daemon";
+
+  config = mkIf config.security.auditd.enable {
+    boot.kernelParams = [ "audit=1" ];
+
+    environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.audit ];
+
+    systemd.services.auditd = {
+      description = "Linux Audit daemon";
+      wantedBy = [ "basic.target" ];
+
+      unitConfig = {
+        ConditionVirtualization = "!container";
+        ConditionSecurity = [ "audit" ];
+        DefaultDependencies = false;
+      };
+
+      path = [ pkgs.audit ];
+
+      serviceConfig = {
+        ExecStartPre="${pkgs.coreutils}/bin/mkdir -p /var/log/audit";
+        ExecStart = "${pkgs.audit}/bin/auditd -l -n -s nochange";
+      };
+    };
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/ca.nix b/nixos/modules/security/ca.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f71d9d90ec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/ca.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+
+  cfg = config.security.pki;
+
+  cacertPackage = pkgs.cacert.override {
+    blacklist = cfg.caCertificateBlacklist;
+    extraCertificateFiles = cfg.certificateFiles;
+    extraCertificateStrings = cfg.certificates;
+  };
+  caBundle = "${cacertPackage}/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt";
+
+in
+
+{
+
+  options = {
+
+    security.pki.certificateFiles = mkOption {
+      type = types.listOf types.path;
+      default = [];
+      example = literalExpression ''[ "''${pkgs.cacert}/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt" ]'';
+      description = ''
+        A list of files containing trusted root certificates in PEM
+        format. These are concatenated to form
+        <filename>/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt</filename>, which is
+        used by many programs that use OpenSSL, such as
+        <command>curl</command> and <command>git</command>.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.pki.certificates = mkOption {
+      type = types.listOf types.str;
+      default = [];
+      example = literalExpression ''
+        [ '''
+            NixOS.org
+            =========
+            -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+            MIIGUDCCBTigAwIBAgIDD8KWMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMIGMMQswCQYDVQQGEwJJ
+            TDEWMBQGA1UEChMNU3RhcnRDb20gTHRkLjErMCkGA1UECxMiU2VjdXJlIERpZ2l0
+            ...
+            -----END CERTIFICATE-----
+          '''
+        ]
+      '';
+      description = ''
+        A list of trusted root certificates in PEM format.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.pki.caCertificateBlacklist = mkOption {
+      type = types.listOf types.str;
+      default = [];
+      example = [
+        "WoSign" "WoSign China"
+        "CA WoSign ECC Root"
+        "Certification Authority of WoSign G2"
+      ];
+      description = ''
+        A list of blacklisted CA certificate names that won't be imported from
+        the Mozilla Trust Store into
+        <filename>/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt</filename>. Use the
+        names from that file.
+      '';
+    };
+
+  };
+
+  config = {
+
+    # NixOS canonical location + Debian/Ubuntu/Arch/Gentoo compatibility.
+    environment.etc."ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt".source = caBundle;
+
+    # Old NixOS compatibility.
+    environment.etc."ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt".source = caBundle;
+
+    # CentOS/Fedora compatibility.
+    environment.etc."pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt".source = caBundle;
+
+    # P11-Kit trust source.
+    environment.etc."ssl/trust-source".source = "${cacertPackage.p11kit}/etc/ssl/trust-source";
+
+  };
+
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/chromium-suid-sandbox.nix b/nixos/modules/security/chromium-suid-sandbox.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb99c053f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/chromium-suid-sandbox.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+  cfg     = config.security.chromiumSuidSandbox;
+  sandbox = pkgs.chromium.sandbox;
+in
+{
+  imports = [
+    (mkRenamedOptionModule [ "programs" "unity3d" "enable" ] [ "security" "chromiumSuidSandbox" "enable" ])
+  ];
+
+  options.security.chromiumSuidSandbox.enable = mkOption {
+    type = types.bool;
+    default = false;
+    description = ''
+      Whether to install the Chromium SUID sandbox which is an executable that
+      Chromium may use in order to achieve sandboxing.
+
+      If you get the error "The SUID sandbox helper binary was found, but is not
+      configured correctly.", turning this on might help.
+
+      Also, if the URL chrome://sandbox tells you that "You are not adequately
+      sandboxed!", turning this on might resolve the issue.
+    '';
+  };
+
+  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
+    environment.systemPackages = [ sandbox ];
+    security.wrappers.${sandbox.passthru.sandboxExecutableName} =
+      { setuid = true;
+        owner = "root";
+        group = "root";
+        source = "${sandbox}/bin/${sandbox.passthru.sandboxExecutableName}";
+      };
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/dhparams.nix b/nixos/modules/security/dhparams.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cfa9003f12f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/dhparams.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+{ config, lib, options, pkgs, ... }:
+
+let
+  inherit (lib) literalExpression mkOption types;
+  cfg = config.security.dhparams;
+  opt = options.security.dhparams;
+
+  bitType = types.addCheck types.int (b: b >= 16) // {
+    name = "bits";
+    description = "integer of at least 16 bits";
+  };
+
+  paramsSubmodule = { name, config, ... }: {
+    options.bits = mkOption {
+      type = bitType;
+      default = cfg.defaultBitSize;
+      defaultText = literalExpression "config.${opt.defaultBitSize}";
+      description = ''
+        The bit size for the prime that is used during a Diffie-Hellman
+        key exchange.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    options.path = mkOption {
+      type = types.path;
+      readOnly = true;
+      description = ''
+        The resulting path of the generated Diffie-Hellman parameters
+        file for other services to reference. This could be either a
+        store path or a file inside the directory specified by
+        <option>security.dhparams.path</option>.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    config.path = let
+      generated = pkgs.runCommand "dhparams-${name}.pem" {
+        nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.openssl ];
+      } "openssl dhparam -out \"$out\" ${toString config.bits}";
+    in if cfg.stateful then "${cfg.path}/${name}.pem" else generated;
+  };
+
+in {
+  options = {
+    security.dhparams = {
+      enable = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Whether to generate new DH params and clean up old DH params.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      params = mkOption {
+        type = with types; let
+          coerce = bits: { inherit bits; };
+        in attrsOf (coercedTo int coerce (submodule paramsSubmodule));
+        default = {};
+        example = lib.literalExpression "{ nginx.bits = 3072; }";
+        description = ''
+          Diffie-Hellman parameters to generate.
+
+          The value is the size (in bits) of the DH params to generate. The
+          generated DH params path can be found in
+          <literal>config.security.dhparams.params.<replaceable>name</replaceable>.path</literal>.
+
+          <note><para>The name of the DH params is taken as being the name of
+          the service it serves and the params will be generated before the
+          said service is started.</para></note>
+
+          <warning><para>If you are removing all dhparams from this list, you
+          have to leave <option>security.dhparams.enable</option> for at
+          least one activation in order to have them be cleaned up. This also
+          means if you rollback to a version without any dhparams the
+          existing ones won't be cleaned up. Of course this only applies if
+          <option>security.dhparams.stateful</option> is
+          <literal>true</literal>.</para></warning>
+
+          <note><title>For module implementers:</title><para>It's recommended
+          to not set a specific bit size here, so that users can easily
+          override this by setting
+          <option>security.dhparams.defaultBitSize</option>.</para></note>
+        '';
+      };
+
+      stateful = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = true;
+        description = ''
+          Whether generation of Diffie-Hellman parameters should be stateful or
+          not. If this is enabled, PEM-encoded files for Diffie-Hellman
+          parameters are placed in the directory specified by
+          <option>security.dhparams.path</option>. Otherwise the files are
+          created within the Nix store.
+
+          <note><para>If this is <literal>false</literal> the resulting store
+          path will be non-deterministic and will be rebuilt every time the
+          <package>openssl</package> package changes.</para></note>
+        '';
+      };
+
+      defaultBitSize = mkOption {
+        type = bitType;
+        default = 2048;
+        description = ''
+          This allows to override the default bit size for all of the
+          Diffie-Hellman parameters set in
+          <option>security.dhparams.params</option>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      path = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        default = "/var/lib/dhparams";
+        description = ''
+          Path to the directory in which Diffie-Hellman parameters will be
+          stored. This only is relevant if
+          <option>security.dhparams.stateful</option> is
+          <literal>true</literal>.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  config = lib.mkIf (cfg.enable && cfg.stateful) {
+    systemd.services = {
+      dhparams-init = {
+        description = "Clean Up Old Diffie-Hellman Parameters";
+
+        # Clean up even when no DH params is set
+        wantedBy = [ "multi-user.target" ];
+
+        serviceConfig.RemainAfterExit = true;
+        serviceConfig.Type = "oneshot";
+
+        script = ''
+          if [ ! -d ${cfg.path} ]; then
+            mkdir -p ${cfg.path}
+          fi
+
+          # Remove old dhparams
+          for file in ${cfg.path}/*; do
+            if [ ! -f "$file" ]; then
+              continue
+            fi
+            ${lib.concatStrings (lib.mapAttrsToList (name: { bits, path, ... }: ''
+              if [ "$file" = ${lib.escapeShellArg path} ] && \
+                 ${pkgs.openssl}/bin/openssl dhparam -in "$file" -text \
+                 | head -n 1 | grep "(${toString bits} bit)" > /dev/null; then
+                continue
+              fi
+            '') cfg.params)}
+            rm $file
+          done
+
+          # TODO: Ideally this would be removing the *former* cfg.path, though
+          # this does not seem really important as changes to it are quite
+          # unlikely
+          rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ${cfg.path}
+        '';
+      };
+    } // lib.mapAttrs' (name: { bits, path, ... }: lib.nameValuePair "dhparams-gen-${name}" {
+      description = "Generate Diffie-Hellman Parameters for ${name}";
+      after = [ "dhparams-init.service" ];
+      before = [ "${name}.service" ];
+      wantedBy = [ "multi-user.target" ];
+      unitConfig.ConditionPathExists = "!${path}";
+      serviceConfig.Type = "oneshot";
+      script = ''
+        mkdir -p ${lib.escapeShellArg cfg.path}
+        ${pkgs.openssl}/bin/openssl dhparam -out ${lib.escapeShellArg path} \
+          ${toString bits}
+      '';
+    }) cfg.params;
+  };
+
+  meta.maintainers = with lib.maintainers; [ ekleog ];
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/doas.nix b/nixos/modules/security/doas.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2a814f17e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/doas.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+let
+  cfg = config.security.doas;
+
+  inherit (pkgs) doas;
+
+  mkUsrString = user: toString user;
+
+  mkGrpString = group: ":${toString group}";
+
+  mkOpts = rule: concatStringsSep " " [
+    (optionalString rule.noPass "nopass")
+    (optionalString rule.noLog "nolog")
+    (optionalString rule.persist "persist")
+    (optionalString rule.keepEnv "keepenv")
+    "setenv { SSH_AUTH_SOCK TERMINFO TERMINFO_DIRS ${concatStringsSep " " rule.setEnv} }"
+  ];
+
+  mkArgs = rule:
+    if (isNull rule.args) then ""
+    else if (length rule.args == 0) then "args"
+    else "args ${concatStringsSep " " rule.args}";
+
+  mkRule = rule:
+    let
+      opts = mkOpts rule;
+
+      as = optionalString (!isNull rule.runAs) "as ${rule.runAs}";
+
+      cmd = optionalString (!isNull rule.cmd) "cmd ${rule.cmd}";
+
+      args = mkArgs rule;
+    in
+    optionals (length cfg.extraRules > 0) [
+      (
+        optionalString (length rule.users > 0)
+          (map (usr: "permit ${opts} ${mkUsrString usr} ${as} ${cmd} ${args}") rule.users)
+      )
+      (
+        optionalString (length rule.groups > 0)
+          (map (grp: "permit ${opts} ${mkGrpString grp} ${as} ${cmd} ${args}") rule.groups)
+      )
+    ];
+in
+{
+
+  ###### interface
+
+  options.security.doas = {
+
+    enable = mkOption {
+      type = with types; bool;
+      default = false;
+      description = ''
+        Whether to enable the <command>doas</command> command, which allows
+        non-root users to execute commands as root.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    wheelNeedsPassword = mkOption {
+      type = with types; bool;
+      default = true;
+      description = ''
+        Whether users of the <code>wheel</code> group must provide a password to
+        run commands as super user via <command>doas</command>.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    extraRules = mkOption {
+      default = [];
+      description = ''
+        Define specific rules to be set in the
+        <filename>/etc/doas.conf</filename> file. More specific rules should
+        come after more general ones in order to yield the expected behavior.
+        You can use <code>mkBefore</code> and/or <code>mkAfter</code> to ensure
+        this is the case when configuration options are merged.
+      '';
+      example = literalExpression ''
+        [
+          # Allow execution of any command by any user in group doas, requiring
+          # a password and keeping any previously-defined environment variables.
+          { groups = [ "doas" ]; noPass = false; keepEnv = true; }
+
+          # Allow execution of "/home/root/secret.sh" by user `backup` OR user
+          # `database` OR any member of the group with GID `1006`, without a
+          # password.
+          { users = [ "backup" "database" ]; groups = [ 1006 ];
+            cmd = "/home/root/secret.sh"; noPass = true; }
+
+          # Allow any member of group `bar` to run `/home/baz/cmd1.sh` as user
+          # `foo` with argument `hello-doas`.
+          { groups = [ "bar" ]; runAs = "foo";
+            cmd = "/home/baz/cmd1.sh"; args = [ "hello-doas" ]; }
+
+          # Allow any member of group `bar` to run `/home/baz/cmd2.sh` as user
+          # `foo` with no arguments.
+          { groups = [ "bar" ]; runAs = "foo";
+            cmd = "/home/baz/cmd2.sh"; args = [ ]; }
+
+          # Allow user `abusers` to execute "nano" and unset the value of
+          # SSH_AUTH_SOCK, override the value of ALPHA to 1, and inherit the
+          # value of BETA from the current environment.
+          { users = [ "abusers" ]; cmd = "nano";
+            setEnv = [ "-SSH_AUTH_SOCK" "ALPHA=1" "BETA" ]; }
+        ]
+      '';
+      type = with types; listOf (
+        submodule {
+          options = {
+
+            noPass = mkOption {
+              type = with types; bool;
+              default = false;
+              description = ''
+                If <code>true</code>, the user is not required to enter a
+                password.
+              '';
+            };
+
+            noLog = mkOption {
+              type = with types; bool;
+              default = false;
+              description = ''
+                If <code>true</code>, successful executions will not be logged
+                to
+                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+              '';
+            };
+
+            persist = mkOption {
+              type = with types; bool;
+              default = false;
+              description = ''
+                If <code>true</code>, do not ask for a password again for some
+                time after the user successfully authenticates.
+              '';
+            };
+
+            keepEnv = mkOption {
+              type = with types; bool;
+              default = false;
+              description = ''
+                If <code>true</code>, environment variables other than those
+                listed in
+                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>doas</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+                are kept when creating the environment for the new process.
+              '';
+            };
+
+            setEnv = mkOption {
+              type = with types; listOf str;
+              default = [];
+              description = ''
+                Keep or set the specified variables. Variables may also be
+                removed with a leading '-' or set using
+                <code>variable=value</code>. If the first character of
+                <code>value</code> is a '$', the value to be set is taken from
+                the existing environment variable of the indicated name. This
+                option is processed after the default environment has been
+                created.
+
+                NOTE: All rules have <code>setenv { SSH_AUTH_SOCK }</code> by
+                default. To prevent <code>SSH_AUTH_SOCK</code> from being
+                inherited, add <code>"-SSH_AUTH_SOCK"</code> anywhere in this
+                list.
+              '';
+            };
+
+            users = mkOption {
+              type = with types; listOf (either str int);
+              default = [];
+              description = "The usernames / UIDs this rule should apply for.";
+            };
+
+            groups = mkOption {
+              type = with types; listOf (either str int);
+              default = [];
+              description = "The groups / GIDs this rule should apply for.";
+            };
+
+            runAs = mkOption {
+              type = with types; nullOr str;
+              default = null;
+              description = ''
+                Which user or group the specified command is allowed to run as.
+                When set to <code>null</code> (the default), all users are
+                allowed.
+
+                A user can be specified using just the username:
+                <code>"foo"</code>. It is also possible to only allow running as
+                a specific group with <code>":bar"</code>.
+              '';
+            };
+
+            cmd = mkOption {
+              type = with types; nullOr str;
+              default = null;
+              description = ''
+                The command the user is allowed to run. When set to
+                <code>null</code> (the default), all commands are allowed.
+
+                NOTE: It is best practice to specify absolute paths. If a
+                relative path is specified, only a restricted PATH will be
+                searched.
+              '';
+            };
+
+            args = mkOption {
+              type = with types; nullOr (listOf str);
+              default = null;
+              description = ''
+                Arguments that must be provided to the command. When set to
+                <code>[]</code>, the command must be run without any arguments.
+              '';
+            };
+          };
+        }
+      );
+    };
+
+    extraConfig = mkOption {
+      type = with types; lines;
+      default = "";
+      description = ''
+        Extra configuration text appended to <filename>doas.conf</filename>.
+      '';
+    };
+  };
+
+
+  ###### implementation
+
+  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
+
+    security.doas.extraRules = mkOrder 600 [
+      {
+        groups = [ "wheel" ];
+        noPass = !cfg.wheelNeedsPassword;
+      }
+    ];
+
+    security.wrappers.doas =
+      { setuid = true;
+        owner = "root";
+        group = "root";
+        source = "${doas}/bin/doas";
+      };
+
+    environment.systemPackages = [
+      doas
+    ];
+
+    security.pam.services.doas = {
+      allowNullPassword = true;
+      sshAgentAuth = true;
+    };
+
+    environment.etc."doas.conf" = {
+      source = pkgs.runCommand "doas-conf"
+        {
+          src = pkgs.writeText "doas-conf-in" ''
+            # To modify this file, set the NixOS options
+            # `security.doas.extraRules` or `security.doas.extraConfig`. To
+            # completely replace the contents of this file, use
+            # `environment.etc."doas.conf"`.
+
+            # "root" is allowed to do anything.
+            permit nopass keepenv root
+
+            # extraRules
+            ${concatStringsSep "\n" (lists.flatten (map mkRule cfg.extraRules))}
+
+            # extraConfig
+            ${cfg.extraConfig}
+          '';
+          preferLocalBuild = true;
+        }
+        # Make sure that the doas.conf file is syntactically valid.
+        "${pkgs.buildPackages.doas}/bin/doas -C $src && cp $src $out";
+      mode = "0440";
+    };
+
+  };
+
+  meta.maintainers = with maintainers; [ cole-h ];
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/duosec.nix b/nixos/modules/security/duosec.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bbe246fe229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/duosec.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+  cfg = config.security.duosec;
+
+  boolToStr = b: if b then "yes" else "no";
+
+  configFilePam = ''
+    [duo]
+    ikey=${cfg.integrationKey}
+    host=${cfg.host}
+    ${optionalString (cfg.groups != "") ("groups="+cfg.groups)}
+    failmode=${cfg.failmode}
+    pushinfo=${boolToStr cfg.pushinfo}
+    autopush=${boolToStr cfg.autopush}
+    prompts=${toString cfg.prompts}
+    fallback_local_ip=${boolToStr cfg.fallbackLocalIP}
+  '';
+
+  configFileLogin = configFilePam + ''
+    motd=${boolToStr cfg.motd}
+    accept_env_factor=${boolToStr cfg.acceptEnvFactor}
+  '';
+in
+{
+  imports = [
+    (mkRenamedOptionModule [ "security" "duosec" "group" ] [ "security" "duosec" "groups" ])
+    (mkRenamedOptionModule [ "security" "duosec" "ikey" ] [ "security" "duosec" "integrationKey" ])
+    (mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "duosec" "skey" ] "The insecure security.duosec.skey option has been replaced by a new security.duosec.secretKeyFile option. Use this new option to store a secure copy of your key instead.")
+  ];
+
+  options = {
+    security.duosec = {
+      ssh.enable = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = "If enabled, protect SSH logins with Duo Security.";
+      };
+
+      pam.enable = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = "If enabled, protect logins with Duo Security using PAM support.";
+      };
+
+      integrationKey = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = "Integration key.";
+      };
+
+      secretKeyFile = mkOption {
+        type = types.nullOr types.path;
+        default = null;
+        description = ''
+          A file containing your secret key. The security of your Duo application is tied to the security of your secret key.
+        '';
+        example = "/run/keys/duo-skey";
+      };
+
+      host = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = "Duo API hostname.";
+      };
+
+      groups = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        default = "";
+        example = "users,!wheel,!*admin guests";
+        description = ''
+          If specified, Duo authentication is required only for users
+          whose primary group or supplementary group list matches one
+          of the space-separated pattern lists. Refer to
+          <link xlink:href="https://duo.com/docs/duounix"/> for details.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      failmode = mkOption {
+        type = types.enum [ "safe" "secure" ];
+        default = "safe";
+        description = ''
+          On service or configuration errors that prevent Duo
+          authentication, fail "safe" (allow access) or "secure" (deny
+          access). The default is "safe".
+        '';
+      };
+
+      pushinfo = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Include information such as the command to be executed in
+          the Duo Push message.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      autopush = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          If <literal>true</literal>, Duo Unix will automatically send
+          a push login request to the user’s phone, falling back on a
+          phone call if push is unavailable. If
+          <literal>false</literal>, the user will be prompted to
+          choose an authentication method. When configured with
+          <literal>autopush = yes</literal>, we recommend setting
+          <literal>prompts = 1</literal>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      motd = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Print the contents of <literal>/etc/motd</literal> to screen
+          after a successful login.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      prompts = mkOption {
+        type = types.enum [ 1 2 3 ];
+        default = 3;
+        description = ''
+          If a user fails to authenticate with a second factor, Duo
+          Unix will prompt the user to authenticate again. This option
+          sets the maximum number of prompts that Duo Unix will
+          display before denying access. Must be 1, 2, or 3. Default
+          is 3.
+
+          For example, when <literal>prompts = 1</literal>, the user
+          will have to successfully authenticate on the first prompt,
+          whereas if <literal>prompts = 2</literal>, if the user
+          enters incorrect information at the initial prompt, he/she
+          will be prompted to authenticate again.
+
+          When configured with <literal>autopush = true</literal>, we
+          recommend setting <literal>prompts = 1</literal>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      acceptEnvFactor = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Look for factor selection or passcode in the
+          <literal>$DUO_PASSCODE</literal> environment variable before
+          prompting the user for input.
+
+          When $DUO_PASSCODE is non-empty, it will override
+          autopush. The SSH client will need SendEnv DUO_PASSCODE in
+          its configuration, and the SSH server will similarly need
+          AcceptEnv DUO_PASSCODE.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      fallbackLocalIP = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Duo Unix reports the IP address of the authorizing user, for
+          the purposes of authorization and whitelisting. If Duo Unix
+          cannot detect the IP address of the client, setting
+          <literal>fallbackLocalIP = yes</literal> will cause Duo Unix
+          to send the IP address of the server it is running on.
+
+          If you are using IP whitelisting, enabling this option could
+          cause unauthorized logins if the local IP is listed in the
+          whitelist.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      allowTcpForwarding = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          By default, when SSH forwarding, enabling Duo Security will
+          disable TCP forwarding. By enabling this, you potentially
+          undermine some of the SSH based login security. Note this is
+          not needed if you use PAM.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  config = mkIf (cfg.ssh.enable || cfg.pam.enable) {
+    environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.duo-unix ];
+
+    security.wrappers.login_duo =
+      { setuid = true;
+        owner = "root";
+        group = "root";
+        source = "${pkgs.duo-unix.out}/bin/login_duo";
+      };
+
+    system.activationScripts = {
+      login_duo = mkIf cfg.ssh.enable ''
+        if test -f "${cfg.secretKeyFile}"; then
+          mkdir -m 0755 -p /etc/duo
+
+          umask 0077
+          conf="$(mktemp)"
+          {
+            cat ${pkgs.writeText "login_duo.conf" configFileLogin}
+            printf 'skey = %s\n' "$(cat ${cfg.secretKeyFile})"
+          } >"$conf"
+
+          chown sshd "$conf"
+          mv -fT "$conf" /etc/duo/login_duo.conf
+        fi
+      '';
+      pam_duo = mkIf cfg.pam.enable ''
+        if test -f "${cfg.secretKeyFile}"; then
+          mkdir -m 0755 -p /etc/duo
+
+          umask 0077
+          conf="$(mktemp)"
+          {
+            cat ${pkgs.writeText "login_duo.conf" configFilePam}
+            printf 'skey = %s\n' "$(cat ${cfg.secretKeyFile})"
+          } >"$conf"
+
+          mv -fT "$conf" /etc/duo/pam_duo.conf
+        fi
+      '';
+    };
+
+    /* If PAM *and* SSH are enabled, then don't do anything special.
+    If PAM isn't used, set the default SSH-only options. */
+    services.openssh.extraConfig = mkIf (cfg.ssh.enable || cfg.pam.enable) (
+    if cfg.pam.enable then "UseDNS no" else ''
+      # Duo Security configuration
+      ForceCommand ${config.security.wrapperDir}/login_duo
+      PermitTunnel no
+      ${optionalString (!cfg.allowTcpForwarding) ''
+        AllowTcpForwarding no
+      ''}
+    '');
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/google_oslogin.nix b/nixos/modules/security/google_oslogin.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cf416035ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/google_oslogin.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+
+  cfg = config.security.googleOsLogin;
+  package = pkgs.google-guest-oslogin;
+
+in
+
+{
+
+  options = {
+
+    security.googleOsLogin.enable = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = false;
+      description = ''
+        Whether to enable Google OS Login.
+
+        The OS Login package enables the following components:
+        AuthorizedKeysCommand to query valid SSH keys from the user's OS Login
+        profile during ssh authentication phase.
+        NSS Module to provide user and group information
+        PAM Module for the sshd service, providing authorization and
+        authentication support, allowing the system to use data stored in
+        Google Cloud IAM permissions to control both, the ability to log into
+        an instance, and to perform operations as root (sudo).
+      '';
+    };
+
+  };
+
+  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
+    security.pam.services.sshd = {
+      makeHomeDir = true;
+      googleOsLoginAccountVerification = true;
+      googleOsLoginAuthentication = true;
+    };
+
+    security.sudo.extraConfig = ''
+      #includedir /run/google-sudoers.d
+    '';
+    systemd.tmpfiles.rules = [
+      "d /run/google-sudoers.d 750 root root -"
+      "d /var/google-users.d 750 root root -"
+    ];
+
+    systemd.packages = [ package ];
+    systemd.timers.google-oslogin-cache.wantedBy = [ "timers.target" ];
+
+    # enable the nss module, so user lookups etc. work
+    system.nssModules = [ package ];
+    system.nssDatabases.passwd = [ "cache_oslogin" "oslogin" ];
+    system.nssDatabases.group = [ "cache_oslogin" "oslogin" ];
+
+    # Ugly: sshd refuses to start if a store path is given because /nix/store is group-writable.
+    # So indirect by a symlink.
+    environment.etc."ssh/authorized_keys_command_google_oslogin" = {
+      mode = "0755";
+      text = ''
+        #!/bin/sh
+        exec ${package}/bin/google_authorized_keys "$@"
+      '';
+    };
+    services.openssh.authorizedKeysCommand = "/etc/ssh/authorized_keys_command_google_oslogin %u";
+    services.openssh.authorizedKeysCommandUser = "nobody";
+  };
+
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/lock-kernel-modules.nix b/nixos/modules/security/lock-kernel-modules.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..065587bc286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/lock-kernel-modules.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{ config, pkgs, lib, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+{
+  meta = {
+    maintainers = [ maintainers.joachifm ];
+  };
+
+  options = {
+    security.lockKernelModules = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = false;
+      description = ''
+        Disable kernel module loading once the system is fully initialised.
+        Module loading is disabled until the next reboot. Problems caused
+        by delayed module loading can be fixed by adding the module(s) in
+        question to <option>boot.kernelModules</option>.
+      '';
+    };
+  };
+
+  config = mkIf config.security.lockKernelModules {
+    boot.kernelModules = concatMap (x:
+      if x.device != null
+        then
+          if x.fsType == "vfat"
+            then [ "vfat" "nls-cp437" "nls-iso8859-1" ]
+            else [ x.fsType ]
+        else []) config.system.build.fileSystems;
+
+    systemd.services.disable-kernel-module-loading = {
+      description = "Disable kernel module loading";
+
+      wants = [ "systemd-udevd.service" ];
+      wantedBy = [ config.systemd.defaultUnit ];
+
+      after =
+        [ "firewall.service"
+          "systemd-modules-load.service"
+           config.systemd.defaultUnit
+        ];
+
+      unitConfig.ConditionPathIsReadWrite = "/proc/sys/kernel";
+
+      serviceConfig =
+        { Type = "oneshot";
+          RemainAfterExit = true;
+          TimeoutSec = 180;
+        };
+
+      script = ''
+        ${pkgs.udev}/bin/udevadm settle
+        echo -n 1 >/proc/sys/kernel/modules_disabled
+      '';
+    };
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/misc.nix b/nixos/modules/security/misc.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c20e067b8cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/misc.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+{ config, lib, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+{
+  meta = {
+    maintainers = [ maintainers.joachifm ];
+  };
+
+  imports = [
+    (lib.mkRenamedOptionModule [ "security" "virtualization" "flushL1DataCache" ] [ "security" "virtualisation" "flushL1DataCache" ])
+  ];
+
+  options = {
+    security.allowUserNamespaces = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = true;
+      description = ''
+        Whether to allow creation of user namespaces.
+
+        The motivation for disabling user namespaces is the potential
+        presence of code paths where the kernel's permission checking
+        logic fails to account for namespacing, instead permitting a
+        namespaced process to act outside the namespace with the same
+        privileges as it would have inside it.  This is particularly
+        damaging in the common case of running as root within the namespace.
+
+        When user namespace creation is disallowed, attempting to create a
+        user namespace fails with "no space left on device" (ENOSPC).
+        root may re-enable user namespace creation at runtime.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.unprivilegedUsernsClone = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = false;
+      description = ''
+        When disabled, unprivileged users will not be able to create new namespaces.
+        By default unprivileged user namespaces are disabled.
+        This option only works in a hardened profile.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.protectKernelImage = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = false;
+      description = ''
+        Whether to prevent replacing the running kernel image.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.allowSimultaneousMultithreading = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = true;
+      description = ''
+        Whether to allow SMT/hyperthreading.  Disabling SMT means that only
+        physical CPU cores will be usable at runtime, potentially at
+        significant performance cost.
+
+        The primary motivation for disabling SMT is to mitigate the risk of
+        leaking data between threads running on the same CPU core (due to
+        e.g., shared caches).  This attack vector is unproven.
+
+        Disabling SMT is a supplement to the L1 data cache flushing mitigation
+        (see <xref linkend="opt-security.virtualisation.flushL1DataCache"/>)
+        versus malicious VM guests (SMT could "bring back" previously flushed
+        data).
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.forcePageTableIsolation = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = false;
+      description = ''
+        Whether to force-enable the Page Table Isolation (PTI) Linux kernel
+        feature even on CPU models that claim to be safe from Meltdown.
+
+        This hardening feature is most beneficial to systems that run untrusted
+        workloads that rely on address space isolation for security.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.virtualisation.flushL1DataCache = mkOption {
+      type = types.nullOr (types.enum [ "never" "cond" "always" ]);
+      default = null;
+      description = ''
+        Whether the hypervisor should flush the L1 data cache before
+        entering guests.
+        See also <xref linkend="opt-security.allowSimultaneousMultithreading"/>.
+
+        <variablelist>
+          <varlistentry>
+            <term><literal>null</literal></term>
+            <listitem><para>uses the kernel default</para></listitem>
+          </varlistentry>
+          <varlistentry>
+            <term><literal>"never"</literal></term>
+            <listitem><para>disables L1 data cache flushing entirely.
+            May be appropriate if all guests are trusted.</para></listitem>
+          </varlistentry>
+          <varlistentry>
+            <term><literal>"cond"</literal></term>
+            <listitem><para>flushes L1 data cache only for pre-determined
+            code paths.  May leak information about the host address space
+            layout.</para></listitem>
+          </varlistentry>
+          <varlistentry>
+            <term><literal>"always"</literal></term>
+            <listitem><para>flushes L1 data cache every time the hypervisor
+            enters the guest.  May incur significant performance cost.
+            </para></listitem>
+          </varlistentry>
+        </variablelist>
+      '';
+    };
+  };
+
+  config = mkMerge [
+    (mkIf (!config.security.allowUserNamespaces) {
+      # Setting the number of allowed user namespaces to 0 effectively disables
+      # the feature at runtime.  Note that root may raise the limit again
+      # at any time.
+      boot.kernel.sysctl."user.max_user_namespaces" = 0;
+
+      assertions = [
+        { assertion = config.nix.settings.sandbox -> config.security.allowUserNamespaces;
+          message = "`nix.settings.sandbox = true` conflicts with `!security.allowUserNamespaces`.";
+        }
+      ];
+    })
+
+    (mkIf config.security.unprivilegedUsernsClone {
+      boot.kernel.sysctl."kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone" = mkDefault true;
+    })
+
+    (mkIf config.security.protectKernelImage {
+      # Disable hibernation (allows replacing the running kernel)
+      boot.kernelParams = [ "nohibernate" ];
+      # Prevent replacing the running kernel image w/o reboot
+      boot.kernel.sysctl."kernel.kexec_load_disabled" = mkDefault true;
+    })
+
+    (mkIf (!config.security.allowSimultaneousMultithreading) {
+      boot.kernelParams = [ "nosmt" ];
+    })
+
+    (mkIf config.security.forcePageTableIsolation {
+      boot.kernelParams = [ "pti=on" ];
+    })
+
+    (mkIf (config.security.virtualisation.flushL1DataCache != null) {
+      boot.kernelParams = [ "kvm-intel.vmentry_l1d_flush=${config.security.virtualisation.flushL1DataCache}" ];
+    })
+  ];
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/oath.nix b/nixos/modules/security/oath.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..93bdc851117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/oath.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# This module provides configuration for the OATH PAM modules.
+
+{ lib, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+{
+  options = {
+
+    security.pam.oath = {
+      enable = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Enable the OATH (one-time password) PAM module.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      digits = mkOption {
+        type = types.enum [ 6 7 8 ];
+        default = 6;
+        description = ''
+          Specify the length of the one-time password in number of
+          digits.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      window = mkOption {
+        type = types.int;
+        default = 5;
+        description = ''
+          Specify the number of one-time passwords to check in order
+          to accommodate for situations where the system and the
+          client are slightly out of sync (iteration for HOTP or time
+          steps for TOTP).
+        '';
+      };
+
+      usersFile = mkOption {
+        type = types.path;
+        default = "/etc/users.oath";
+        description = ''
+          Set the path to file where the user's credentials are
+          stored. This file must not be world readable!
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/pam.nix b/nixos/modules/security/pam.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c0ef8b5f30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/pam.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,1149 @@
+# This module provides configuration for the PAM (Pluggable
+# Authentication Modules) system.
+
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+  parentConfig = config;
+
+  pamOpts = { config, name, ... }: let cfg = config; in let config = parentConfig; in {
+
+    options = {
+
+      name = mkOption {
+        example = "sshd";
+        type = types.str;
+        description = "Name of the PAM service.";
+      };
+
+      unixAuth = mkOption {
+        default = true;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Whether users can log in with passwords defined in
+          <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      rootOK = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, root doesn't need to authenticate (e.g. for the
+          <command>useradd</command> service).
+        '';
+      };
+
+      p11Auth = mkOption {
+        default = config.security.pam.p11.enable;
+        defaultText = literalExpression "config.security.pam.p11.enable";
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, keys listed in
+          <filename>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename> and
+          <filename>~/.eid/authorized_certificates</filename>
+          can be used to log in with the associated PKCS#11 tokens.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      u2fAuth = mkOption {
+        default = config.security.pam.u2f.enable;
+        defaultText = literalExpression "config.security.pam.u2f.enable";
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, users listed in
+          <filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/Yubico/u2f_keys</filename> (or
+          <filename>$HOME/.config/Yubico/u2f_keys</filename> if XDG variable is
+          not set) are able to log in with the associated U2F key. Path can be
+          changed using <option>security.pam.u2f.authFile</option> option.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      yubicoAuth = mkOption {
+        default = config.security.pam.yubico.enable;
+        defaultText = literalExpression "config.security.pam.yubico.enable";
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, users listed in
+          <filename>~/.yubico/authorized_yubikeys</filename>
+          are able to log in with the associated Yubikey tokens.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      googleAuthenticator = {
+        enable = mkOption {
+          default = false;
+          type = types.bool;
+          description = ''
+            If set, users with enabled Google Authenticator (created
+            <filename>~/.google_authenticator</filename>) will be required
+            to provide Google Authenticator token to log in.
+          '';
+        };
+      };
+
+      usbAuth = mkOption {
+        default = config.security.pam.usb.enable;
+        defaultText = literalExpression "config.security.pam.usb.enable";
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, users listed in
+          <filename>/etc/pamusb.conf</filename> are able to log in
+          with the associated USB key.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      otpwAuth = mkOption {
+        default = config.security.pam.enableOTPW;
+        defaultText = literalExpression "config.security.pam.enableOTPW";
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, the OTPW system will be used (if
+          <filename>~/.otpw</filename> exists).
+        '';
+      };
+
+      googleOsLoginAccountVerification = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, will use the Google OS Login PAM modules
+          (<literal>pam_oslogin_login</literal>,
+          <literal>pam_oslogin_admin</literal>) to verify possible OS Login
+          users and set sudoers configuration accordingly.
+          This only makes sense to enable for the <literal>sshd</literal> PAM
+          service.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      googleOsLoginAuthentication = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, will use the <literal>pam_oslogin_login</literal>'s user
+          authentication methods to authenticate users using 2FA.
+          This only makes sense to enable for the <literal>sshd</literal> PAM
+          service.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      fprintAuth = mkOption {
+        default = config.services.fprintd.enable;
+        defaultText = literalExpression "config.services.fprintd.enable";
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, fingerprint reader will be used (if exists and
+          your fingerprints are enrolled).
+        '';
+      };
+
+      oathAuth = mkOption {
+        default = config.security.pam.oath.enable;
+        defaultText = literalExpression "config.security.pam.oath.enable";
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, the OATH Toolkit will be used.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      sshAgentAuth = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, the calling user's SSH agent is used to authenticate
+          against the keys in the calling user's
+          <filename>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>.  This is useful
+          for <command>sudo</command> on password-less remote systems.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      duoSecurity = {
+        enable = mkOption {
+          default = false;
+          type = types.bool;
+          description = ''
+            If set, use the Duo Security pam module
+            <literal>pam_duo</literal> for authentication.  Requires
+            configuration of <option>security.duosec</option> options.
+          '';
+        };
+      };
+
+      startSession = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If set, the service will register a new session with
+          systemd's login manager.  For local sessions, this will give
+          the user access to audio devices, CD-ROM drives.  In the
+          default PolicyKit configuration, it also allows the user to
+          reboot the system.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      setEnvironment = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = true;
+        description = ''
+          Whether the service should set the environment variables
+          listed in <option>environment.sessionVariables</option>
+          using <literal>pam_env.so</literal>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      setLoginUid = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Set the login uid of the process
+          (<filename>/proc/self/loginuid</filename>) for auditing
+          purposes.  The login uid is only set by ‘entry points’ like
+          <command>login</command> and <command>sshd</command>, not by
+          commands like <command>sudo</command>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      ttyAudit = {
+        enable = mkOption {
+          type = types.bool;
+          default = false;
+          description = ''
+            Enable or disable TTY auditing for specified users
+          '';
+        };
+
+        enablePattern = mkOption {
+          type = types.nullOr types.str;
+          default = null;
+          description = ''
+            For each user matching one of comma-separated
+            glob patterns, enable TTY auditing
+          '';
+        };
+
+        disablePattern = mkOption {
+          type = types.nullOr types.str;
+          default = null;
+          description = ''
+            For each user matching one of comma-separated
+            glob patterns, disable TTY auditing
+          '';
+        };
+
+        openOnly = mkOption {
+          type = types.bool;
+          default = false;
+          description = ''
+            Set the TTY audit flag when opening the session,
+            but do not restore it when closing the session.
+            Using this option is necessary for some services
+            that don't fork() to run the authenticated session,
+            such as sudo.
+          '';
+        };
+      };
+
+      forwardXAuth = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Whether X authentication keys should be passed from the
+          calling user to the target user (e.g. for
+          <command>su</command>)
+        '';
+      };
+
+      pamMount = mkOption {
+        default = config.security.pam.mount.enable;
+        defaultText = literalExpression "config.security.pam.mount.enable";
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Enable PAM mount (pam_mount) system to mount fileystems on user login.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      allowNullPassword = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Whether to allow logging into accounts that have no password
+          set (i.e., have an empty password field in
+          <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
+          <filename>/etc/group</filename>).  This does not enable
+          logging into disabled accounts (i.e., that have the password
+          field set to <literal>!</literal>).  Note that regardless of
+          what the pam_unix documentation says, accounts with hashed
+          empty passwords are always allowed to log in.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      nodelay = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Wheather the delay after typing a wrong password should be disabled.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      requireWheel = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Whether to permit root access only to members of group wheel.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      limits = mkOption {
+        default = [];
+        type = limitsType;
+        description = ''
+          Attribute set describing resource limits.  Defaults to the
+          value of <option>security.pam.loginLimits</option>.
+          The meaning of the values is explained in <citerefentry>
+          <refentrytitle>limits.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+          </citerefentry>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      showMotd = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = "Whether to show the message of the day.";
+      };
+
+      makeHomeDir = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Whether to try to create home directories for users
+          with <literal>$HOME</literal>s pointing to nonexistent
+          locations on session login.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      updateWtmp = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = "Whether to update <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename>.";
+      };
+
+      logFailures = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = "Whether to log authentication failures in <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>.";
+      };
+
+      enableAppArmor = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Enable support for attaching AppArmor profiles at the
+          user/group level, e.g., as part of a role based access
+          control scheme.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      enableKwallet = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If enabled, pam_wallet will attempt to automatically unlock the
+          user's default KDE wallet upon login. If the user has no wallet named
+          "kdewallet", or the login password does not match their wallet
+          password, KDE will prompt separately after login.
+        '';
+      };
+      sssdStrictAccess = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = "enforce sssd access control";
+      };
+
+      enableGnomeKeyring = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          If enabled, pam_gnome_keyring will attempt to automatically unlock the
+          user's default Gnome keyring upon login. If the user login password does
+          not match their keyring password, Gnome Keyring will prompt separately
+          after login.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      gnupg = {
+        enable = mkOption {
+          type = types.bool;
+          default = false;
+          description = ''
+            If enabled, pam_gnupg will attempt to automatically unlock the
+            user's GPG keys with the login password via
+            <command>gpg-agent</command>. The keygrips of all keys to be
+            unlocked should be written to <filename>~/.pam-gnupg</filename>,
+            and can be queried with <command>gpg -K --with-keygrip</command>.
+            Presetting passphrases must be enabled by adding
+            <literal>allow-preset-passphrase</literal> in
+            <filename>~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf</filename>.
+          '';
+        };
+
+        noAutostart = mkOption {
+          type = types.bool;
+          default = false;
+          description = ''
+            Don't start <command>gpg-agent</command> if it is not running.
+            Useful in conjunction with starting <command>gpg-agent</command> as
+            a systemd user service.
+          '';
+        };
+
+        storeOnly = mkOption {
+          type = types.bool;
+          default = false;
+          description = ''
+            Don't send the password immediately after login, but store for PAM
+            <literal>session</literal>.
+          '';
+        };
+      };
+
+      text = mkOption {
+        type = types.nullOr types.lines;
+        description = "Contents of the PAM service file.";
+      };
+
+    };
+
+    # The resulting /etc/pam.d/* file contents are verified in
+    # nixos/tests/pam/pam-file-contents.nix. Please update tests there when
+    # changing the derivation.
+    config = {
+      name = mkDefault name;
+      setLoginUid = mkDefault cfg.startSession;
+      limits = mkDefault config.security.pam.loginLimits;
+
+      # !!! TODO: move the LDAP stuff to the LDAP module, and the
+      # Samba stuff to the Samba module.  This requires that the PAM
+      # module provides the right hooks.
+      text = mkDefault
+        (
+          ''
+            # Account management.
+            account required pam_unix.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString use_ldap ''
+            account sufficient ${pam_ldap}/lib/security/pam_ldap.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString (config.services.sssd.enable && cfg.sssdStrictAccess==false) ''
+            account sufficient ${pkgs.sssd}/lib/security/pam_sss.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString (config.services.sssd.enable && cfg.sssdStrictAccess) ''
+            account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] ${pkgs.sssd}/lib/security/pam_sss.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.krb5.enable ''
+            account sufficient ${pam_krb5}/lib/security/pam_krb5.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.googleOsLoginAccountVerification ''
+            account [success=ok ignore=ignore default=die] ${pkgs.google-guest-oslogin}/lib/security/pam_oslogin_login.so
+            account [success=ok default=ignore] ${pkgs.google-guest-oslogin}/lib/security/pam_oslogin_admin.so
+          '' +
+          ''
+
+            # Authentication management.
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.googleOsLoginAuthentication ''
+            auth [success=done perm_denied=die default=ignore] ${pkgs.google-guest-oslogin}/lib/security/pam_oslogin_login.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.rootOK ''
+            auth sufficient pam_rootok.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.requireWheel ''
+            auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.logFailures ''
+            auth required pam_faillock.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString (config.security.pam.enableSSHAgentAuth && cfg.sshAgentAuth) ''
+            auth sufficient ${pkgs.pam_ssh_agent_auth}/libexec/pam_ssh_agent_auth.so file=${lib.concatStringsSep ":" config.services.openssh.authorizedKeysFiles}
+          '' +
+          (let p11 = config.security.pam.p11; in optionalString cfg.p11Auth ''
+            auth ${p11.control} ${pkgs.pam_p11}/lib/security/pam_p11.so ${pkgs.opensc}/lib/opensc-pkcs11.so
+          '') +
+          (let u2f = config.security.pam.u2f; in optionalString cfg.u2fAuth ''
+            auth ${u2f.control} ${pkgs.pam_u2f}/lib/security/pam_u2f.so ${optionalString u2f.debug "debug"} ${optionalString (u2f.authFile != null) "authfile=${u2f.authFile}"} ${optionalString u2f.interactive "interactive"} ${optionalString u2f.cue "cue"} ${optionalString (u2f.appId != null) "appid=${u2f.appId}"}
+          '') +
+          optionalString cfg.usbAuth ''
+            auth sufficient ${pkgs.pam_usb}/lib/security/pam_usb.so
+          '' +
+          (let oath = config.security.pam.oath; in optionalString cfg.oathAuth ''
+            auth requisite ${pkgs.oathToolkit}/lib/security/pam_oath.so window=${toString oath.window} usersfile=${toString oath.usersFile} digits=${toString oath.digits}
+          '') +
+          (let yubi = config.security.pam.yubico; in optionalString cfg.yubicoAuth ''
+            auth ${yubi.control} ${pkgs.yubico-pam}/lib/security/pam_yubico.so mode=${toString yubi.mode} ${optionalString (yubi.challengeResponsePath != null) "chalresp_path=${yubi.challengeResponsePath}"} ${optionalString (yubi.mode == "client") "id=${toString yubi.id}"} ${optionalString yubi.debug "debug"}
+          '') +
+          optionalString cfg.fprintAuth ''
+            auth sufficient ${pkgs.fprintd}/lib/security/pam_fprintd.so
+          '' +
+          # Modules in this block require having the password set in PAM_AUTHTOK.
+          # pam_unix is marked as 'sufficient' on NixOS which means nothing will run
+          # after it succeeds. Certain modules need to run after pam_unix
+          # prompts the user for password so we run it once with 'required' at an
+          # earlier point and it will run again with 'sufficient' further down.
+          # We use try_first_pass the second time to avoid prompting password twice
+          (optionalString (cfg.unixAuth &&
+            (config.security.pam.enableEcryptfs
+              || cfg.pamMount
+              || cfg.enableKwallet
+              || cfg.enableGnomeKeyring
+              || cfg.googleAuthenticator.enable
+              || cfg.gnupg.enable
+              || cfg.duoSecurity.enable))
+            (
+              ''
+                auth required pam_unix.so ${optionalString cfg.allowNullPassword "nullok"} ${optionalString cfg.nodelay "nodelay"} likeauth
+              '' +
+              optionalString config.security.pam.enableEcryptfs ''
+                auth optional ${pkgs.ecryptfs}/lib/security/pam_ecryptfs.so unwrap
+              '' +
+              optionalString cfg.pamMount ''
+                auth optional ${pkgs.pam_mount}/lib/security/pam_mount.so disable_interactive
+              '' +
+              optionalString cfg.enableKwallet ''
+               auth optional ${pkgs.plasma5Packages.kwallet-pam}/lib/security/pam_kwallet5.so kwalletd=${pkgs.plasma5Packages.kwallet.bin}/bin/kwalletd5
+              '' +
+              optionalString cfg.enableGnomeKeyring ''
+                auth optional ${pkgs.gnome.gnome-keyring}/lib/security/pam_gnome_keyring.so
+              '' +
+              optionalString cfg.gnupg.enable ''
+                auth optional ${pkgs.pam_gnupg}/lib/security/pam_gnupg.so ${optionalString cfg.gnupg.storeOnly " store-only"}
+              '' +
+              optionalString cfg.googleAuthenticator.enable ''
+                auth required ${pkgs.google-authenticator}/lib/security/pam_google_authenticator.so no_increment_hotp
+              '' +
+              optionalString cfg.duoSecurity.enable ''
+                auth required ${pkgs.duo-unix}/lib/security/pam_duo.so
+              ''
+            )) +
+          optionalString cfg.unixAuth ''
+            auth sufficient pam_unix.so ${optionalString cfg.allowNullPassword "nullok"} ${optionalString cfg.nodelay "nodelay"} likeauth try_first_pass
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.otpwAuth ''
+            auth sufficient ${pkgs.otpw}/lib/security/pam_otpw.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString use_ldap ''
+            auth sufficient ${pam_ldap}/lib/security/pam_ldap.so use_first_pass
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.services.sssd.enable ''
+            auth sufficient ${pkgs.sssd}/lib/security/pam_sss.so use_first_pass
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.krb5.enable ''
+            auth [default=ignore success=1 service_err=reset] ${pam_krb5}/lib/security/pam_krb5.so use_first_pass
+            auth [default=die success=done] ${pam_ccreds}/lib/security/pam_ccreds.so action=validate use_first_pass
+            auth sufficient ${pam_ccreds}/lib/security/pam_ccreds.so action=store use_first_pass
+          '' +
+          ''
+            auth required pam_deny.so
+
+            # Password management.
+            password sufficient pam_unix.so nullok sha512
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.security.pam.enableEcryptfs ''
+            password optional ${pkgs.ecryptfs}/lib/security/pam_ecryptfs.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.pamMount ''
+            password optional ${pkgs.pam_mount}/lib/security/pam_mount.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString use_ldap ''
+            password sufficient ${pam_ldap}/lib/security/pam_ldap.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.services.sssd.enable ''
+            password sufficient ${pkgs.sssd}/lib/security/pam_sss.so use_authtok
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.krb5.enable ''
+            password sufficient ${pam_krb5}/lib/security/pam_krb5.so use_first_pass
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.enableGnomeKeyring ''
+            password optional ${pkgs.gnome.gnome-keyring}/lib/security/pam_gnome_keyring.so use_authtok
+          '' +
+          ''
+
+            # Session management.
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.setEnvironment ''
+            session required pam_env.so conffile=/etc/pam/environment readenv=0
+          '' +
+          ''
+            session required pam_unix.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.setLoginUid ''
+            session ${if config.boot.isContainer then "optional" else "required"} pam_loginuid.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.ttyAudit.enable ''
+            session required ${pkgs.pam}/lib/security/pam_tty_audit.so
+                open_only=${toString cfg.ttyAudit.openOnly}
+                ${optionalString (cfg.ttyAudit.enablePattern != null) "enable=${cfg.ttyAudit.enablePattern}"}
+                ${optionalString (cfg.ttyAudit.disablePattern != null) "disable=${cfg.ttyAudit.disablePattern}"}
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.makeHomeDir ''
+            session required ${pkgs.pam}/lib/security/pam_mkhomedir.so silent skel=${config.security.pam.makeHomeDir.skelDirectory} umask=0077
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.updateWtmp ''
+            session required ${pkgs.pam}/lib/security/pam_lastlog.so silent
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.security.pam.enableEcryptfs ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.ecryptfs}/lib/security/pam_ecryptfs.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.pamMount ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.pam_mount}/lib/security/pam_mount.so disable_interactive
+          '' +
+          optionalString use_ldap ''
+            session optional ${pam_ldap}/lib/security/pam_ldap.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.services.sssd.enable ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.sssd}/lib/security/pam_sss.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString config.krb5.enable ''
+            session optional ${pam_krb5}/lib/security/pam_krb5.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.otpwAuth ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.otpw}/lib/security/pam_otpw.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.startSession ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.systemd}/lib/security/pam_systemd.so
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.forwardXAuth ''
+            session optional pam_xauth.so xauthpath=${pkgs.xorg.xauth}/bin/xauth systemuser=99
+          '' +
+          optionalString (cfg.limits != []) ''
+            session required ${pkgs.pam}/lib/security/pam_limits.so conf=${makeLimitsConf cfg.limits}
+          '' +
+          optionalString (cfg.showMotd && config.users.motd != null) ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.pam}/lib/security/pam_motd.so motd=${motd}
+          '' +
+          optionalString (cfg.enableAppArmor && config.security.apparmor.enable) ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.apparmor-pam}/lib/security/pam_apparmor.so order=user,group,default debug
+          '' +
+          optionalString (cfg.enableKwallet) ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.plasma5Packages.kwallet-pam}/lib/security/pam_kwallet5.so kwalletd=${pkgs.plasma5Packages.kwallet.bin}/bin/kwalletd5
+          '' +
+          optionalString (cfg.enableGnomeKeyring) ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.gnome.gnome-keyring}/lib/security/pam_gnome_keyring.so auto_start
+          '' +
+          optionalString cfg.gnupg.enable ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.pam_gnupg}/lib/security/pam_gnupg.so ${optionalString cfg.gnupg.noAutostart " no-autostart"}
+          '' +
+          optionalString (config.virtualisation.lxc.lxcfs.enable) ''
+            session optional ${pkgs.lxc}/lib/security/pam_cgfs.so -c all
+          ''
+        );
+    };
+
+  };
+
+
+  inherit (pkgs) pam_krb5 pam_ccreds;
+
+  use_ldap = (config.users.ldap.enable && config.users.ldap.loginPam);
+  pam_ldap = if config.users.ldap.daemon.enable then pkgs.nss_pam_ldapd else pkgs.pam_ldap;
+
+  # Create a limits.conf(5) file.
+  makeLimitsConf = limits:
+    pkgs.writeText "limits.conf"
+       (concatMapStrings ({ domain, type, item, value }:
+         "${domain} ${type} ${item} ${toString value}\n")
+         limits);
+
+  limitsType = with lib.types; listOf (submodule ({ ... }: {
+    options = {
+      domain = mkOption {
+        description = "Username, groupname, or wildcard this limit applies to";
+        example = "@wheel";
+        type = str;
+      };
+
+      type = mkOption {
+        description = "Type of this limit";
+        type = enum [ "-" "hard" "soft" ];
+        default = "-";
+      };
+
+      item = mkOption {
+        description = "Item this limit applies to";
+        type = enum [
+          "core"
+          "data"
+          "fsize"
+          "memlock"
+          "nofile"
+          "rss"
+          "stack"
+          "cpu"
+          "nproc"
+          "as"
+          "maxlogins"
+          "maxsyslogins"
+          "priority"
+          "locks"
+          "sigpending"
+          "msgqueue"
+          "nice"
+          "rtprio"
+        ];
+      };
+
+      value = mkOption {
+        description = "Value of this limit";
+        type = oneOf [ str int ];
+      };
+    };
+  }));
+
+  motd = pkgs.writeText "motd" config.users.motd;
+
+  makePAMService = name: service:
+    { name = "pam.d/${name}";
+      value.source = pkgs.writeText "${name}.pam" service.text;
+    };
+
+in
+
+{
+
+  imports = [
+    (mkRenamedOptionModule [ "security" "pam" "enableU2F" ] [ "security" "pam" "u2f" "enable" ])
+  ];
+
+  ###### interface
+
+  options = {
+
+    security.pam.loginLimits = mkOption {
+      default = [];
+      type = limitsType;
+      example =
+        [ { domain = "ftp";
+            type   = "hard";
+            item   = "nproc";
+            value  = "0";
+          }
+          { domain = "@student";
+            type   = "-";
+            item   = "maxlogins";
+            value  = "4";
+          }
+       ];
+
+     description =
+       '' Define resource limits that should apply to users or groups.
+          Each item in the list should be an attribute set with a
+          <varname>domain</varname>, <varname>type</varname>,
+          <varname>item</varname>, and <varname>value</varname>
+          attribute.  The syntax and semantics of these attributes
+          must be that described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits.conf</refentrytitle>
+          <manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+
+          Note that these limits do not apply to systemd services,
+          whose limits can be changed via <option>systemd.extraConfig</option>
+          instead.
+       '';
+    };
+
+    security.pam.services = mkOption {
+      default = {};
+      type = with types; attrsOf (submodule pamOpts);
+      description =
+        ''
+          This option defines the PAM services.  A service typically
+          corresponds to a program that uses PAM,
+          e.g. <command>login</command> or <command>passwd</command>.
+          Each attribute of this set defines a PAM service, with the attribute name
+          defining the name of the service.
+        '';
+    };
+
+    security.pam.makeHomeDir.skelDirectory = mkOption {
+      type = types.str;
+      default = "/var/empty";
+      example =  "/etc/skel";
+      description = ''
+        Path to skeleton directory whose contents are copied to home
+        directories newly created by <literal>pam_mkhomedir</literal>.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.pam.enableSSHAgentAuth = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = false;
+      description =
+        ''
+          Enable sudo logins if the user's SSH agent provides a key
+          present in <filename>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>.
+          This allows machines to exclusively use SSH keys instead of
+          passwords.
+        '';
+    };
+
+    security.pam.enableOTPW = mkEnableOption "the OTPW (one-time password) PAM module";
+
+    security.pam.p11 = {
+      enable = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Enables P11 PAM (<literal>pam_p11</literal>) module.
+
+          If set, users can log in with SSH keys and PKCS#11 tokens.
+
+          More information can be found <link
+          xlink:href="https://github.com/OpenSC/pam_p11">here</link>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      control = mkOption {
+        default = "sufficient";
+        type = types.enum [ "required" "requisite" "sufficient" "optional" ];
+        description = ''
+          This option sets pam "control".
+          If you want to have multi factor authentication, use "required".
+          If you want to use the PKCS#11 device instead of the regular password,
+          use "sufficient".
+
+          Read
+          <citerefentry>
+            <refentrytitle>pam.conf</refentrytitle>
+            <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+          </citerefentry>
+          for better understanding of this option.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+
+    security.pam.u2f = {
+      enable = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Enables U2F PAM (<literal>pam-u2f</literal>) module.
+
+          If set, users listed in
+          <filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/Yubico/u2f_keys</filename> (or
+          <filename>$HOME/.config/Yubico/u2f_keys</filename> if XDG variable is
+          not set) are able to log in with the associated U2F key. The path can
+          be changed using <option>security.pam.u2f.authFile</option> option.
+
+          File format is:
+          <literal>username:first_keyHandle,first_public_key: second_keyHandle,second_public_key</literal>
+          This file can be generated using <command>pamu2fcfg</command> command.
+
+          More information can be found <link
+          xlink:href="https://developers.yubico.com/pam-u2f/">here</link>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      authFile = mkOption {
+        default = null;
+        type = with types; nullOr path;
+        description = ''
+          By default <literal>pam-u2f</literal> module reads the keys from
+          <filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/Yubico/u2f_keys</filename> (or
+          <filename>$HOME/.config/Yubico/u2f_keys</filename> if XDG variable is
+          not set).
+
+          If you want to change auth file locations or centralize database (for
+          example use <filename>/etc/u2f-mappings</filename>) you can set this
+          option.
+
+          File format is:
+          <literal>username:first_keyHandle,first_public_key: second_keyHandle,second_public_key</literal>
+          This file can be generated using <command>pamu2fcfg</command> command.
+
+          More information can be found <link
+          xlink:href="https://developers.yubico.com/pam-u2f/">here</link>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      appId = mkOption {
+        default = null;
+        type = with types; nullOr str;
+        description = ''
+            By default <literal>pam-u2f</literal> module sets the application
+            ID to <literal>pam://$HOSTNAME</literal>.
+
+            When using <command>pamu2fcfg</command>, you can specify your
+            application ID with the <literal>-i</literal> flag.
+
+            More information can be found <link
+            xlink:href="https://developers.yubico.com/pam-u2f/Manuals/pam_u2f.8.html">
+            here</link>
+        '';
+      };
+
+      control = mkOption {
+        default = "sufficient";
+        type = types.enum [ "required" "requisite" "sufficient" "optional" ];
+        description = ''
+          This option sets pam "control".
+          If you want to have multi factor authentication, use "required".
+          If you want to use U2F device instead of regular password, use "sufficient".
+
+          Read
+          <citerefentry>
+            <refentrytitle>pam.conf</refentrytitle>
+            <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+          </citerefentry>
+          for better understanding of this option.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      debug = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Debug output to stderr.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      interactive = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Set to prompt a message and wait before testing the presence of a U2F device.
+          Recommended if your device doesn’t have a tactile trigger.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      cue = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          By default <literal>pam-u2f</literal> module does not inform user
+          that he needs to use the u2f device, it just waits without a prompt.
+
+          If you set this option to <literal>true</literal>,
+          <literal>cue</literal> option is added to <literal>pam-u2f</literal>
+          module and reminder message will be displayed.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+
+    security.pam.yubico = {
+      enable = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Enables Yubico PAM (<literal>yubico-pam</literal>) module.
+
+          If set, users listed in
+          <filename>~/.yubico/authorized_yubikeys</filename>
+          are able to log in with the associated Yubikey tokens.
+
+          The file must have only one line:
+          <literal>username:yubikey_token_id1:yubikey_token_id2</literal>
+          More information can be found <link
+          xlink:href="https://developers.yubico.com/yubico-pam/">here</link>.
+        '';
+      };
+      control = mkOption {
+        default = "sufficient";
+        type = types.enum [ "required" "requisite" "sufficient" "optional" ];
+        description = ''
+          This option sets pam "control".
+          If you want to have multi factor authentication, use "required".
+          If you want to use Yubikey instead of regular password, use "sufficient".
+
+          Read
+          <citerefentry>
+            <refentrytitle>pam.conf</refentrytitle>
+            <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+          </citerefentry>
+          for better understanding of this option.
+        '';
+      };
+      id = mkOption {
+        example = "42";
+        type = types.str;
+        description = "client id";
+      };
+
+      debug = mkOption {
+        default = false;
+        type = types.bool;
+        description = ''
+          Debug output to stderr.
+        '';
+      };
+      mode = mkOption {
+        default = "client";
+        type = types.enum [ "client" "challenge-response" ];
+        description = ''
+          Mode of operation.
+
+          Use "client" for online validation with a YubiKey validation service such as
+          the YubiCloud.
+
+          Use "challenge-response" for offline validation using YubiKeys with HMAC-SHA-1
+          Challenge-Response configurations. See the man-page ykpamcfg(1) for further
+          details on how to configure offline Challenge-Response validation.
+
+          More information can be found <link
+          xlink:href="https://developers.yubico.com/yubico-pam/Authentication_Using_Challenge-Response.html">here</link>.
+        '';
+      };
+      challengeResponsePath = mkOption {
+        default = null;
+        type = types.nullOr types.path;
+        description = ''
+          If not null, set the path used by yubico pam module where the challenge expected response is stored.
+
+          More information can be found <link
+          xlink:href="https://developers.yubico.com/yubico-pam/Authentication_Using_Challenge-Response.html">here</link>.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+
+    security.pam.enableEcryptfs = mkEnableOption "eCryptfs PAM module (mounting ecryptfs home directory on login)";
+
+    users.motd = mkOption {
+      default = null;
+      example = "Today is Sweetmorn, the 4th day of The Aftermath in the YOLD 3178.";
+      type = types.nullOr types.lines;
+      description = "Message of the day shown to users when they log in.";
+    };
+
+  };
+
+
+  ###### implementation
+
+  config = {
+
+    environment.systemPackages =
+      # Include the PAM modules in the system path mostly for the manpages.
+      [ pkgs.pam ]
+      ++ optional config.users.ldap.enable pam_ldap
+      ++ optional config.services.sssd.enable pkgs.sssd
+      ++ optionals config.krb5.enable [pam_krb5 pam_ccreds]
+      ++ optionals config.security.pam.enableOTPW [ pkgs.otpw ]
+      ++ optionals config.security.pam.oath.enable [ pkgs.oathToolkit ]
+      ++ optionals config.security.pam.p11.enable [ pkgs.pam_p11 ]
+      ++ optionals config.security.pam.u2f.enable [ pkgs.pam_u2f ];
+
+    boot.supportedFilesystems = optionals config.security.pam.enableEcryptfs [ "ecryptfs" ];
+
+    security.wrappers = {
+      unix_chkpwd = {
+        setuid = true;
+        owner = "root";
+        group = "root";
+        source = "${pkgs.pam}/bin/unix_chkpwd";
+      };
+    };
+
+    environment.etc = mapAttrs' makePAMService config.security.pam.services;
+
+    security.pam.services =
+      { other.text =
+          ''
+            auth     required pam_warn.so
+            auth     required pam_deny.so
+            account  required pam_warn.so
+            account  required pam_deny.so
+            password required pam_warn.so
+            password required pam_deny.so
+            session  required pam_warn.so
+            session  required pam_deny.so
+          '';
+
+        # Most of these should be moved to specific modules.
+        i3lock = {};
+        i3lock-color = {};
+        vlock = {};
+        xlock = {};
+        xscreensaver = {};
+
+        runuser = { rootOK = true; unixAuth = false; setEnvironment = false; };
+
+        /* FIXME: should runuser -l start a systemd session? Currently
+           it complains "Cannot create session: Already running in a
+           session". */
+        runuser-l = { rootOK = true; unixAuth = false; };
+      };
+
+    security.apparmor.includes."abstractions/pam" = let
+      isEnabled = test: fold or false (map test (attrValues config.security.pam.services));
+      in
+      lib.concatMapStrings
+        (name: "r ${config.environment.etc."pam.d/${name}".source},\n")
+        (attrNames config.security.pam.services) +
+      ''
+      mr ${getLib pkgs.pam}/lib/security/pam_filter/*,
+      mr ${getLib pkgs.pam}/lib/security/pam_*.so,
+      r ${getLib pkgs.pam}/lib/security/,
+      '' +
+      optionalString use_ldap ''
+         mr ${pam_ldap}/lib/security/pam_ldap.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString config.services.sssd.enable ''
+        mr ${pkgs.sssd}/lib/security/pam_sss.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString config.krb5.enable ''
+        mr ${pam_krb5}/lib/security/pam_krb5.so,
+        mr ${pam_ccreds}/lib/security/pam_ccreds.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.googleOsLoginAccountVerification)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.google-guest-oslogin}/lib/security/pam_oslogin_login.so,
+        mr ${pkgs.google-guest-oslogin}/lib/security/pam_oslogin_admin.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.googleOsLoginAuthentication)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.google-guest-oslogin}/lib/security/pam_oslogin_login.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (config.security.pam.enableSSHAgentAuth
+                     && isEnabled (cfg: cfg.sshAgentAuth)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.pam_ssh_agent_auth}/libexec/pam_ssh_agent_auth.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.fprintAuth)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.fprintd}/lib/security/pam_fprintd.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.u2fAuth)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.pam_u2f}/lib/security/pam_u2f.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.usbAuth)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.pam_usb}/lib/security/pam_usb.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.oathAuth)) ''
+        "mr ${pkgs.oathToolkit}/lib/security/pam_oath.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.yubicoAuth)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.yubico-pam}/lib/security/pam_yubico.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.duoSecurity.enable)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.duo-unix}/lib/security/pam_duo.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.otpwAuth)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.otpw}/lib/security/pam_otpw.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString config.security.pam.enableEcryptfs ''
+        mr ${pkgs.ecryptfs}/lib/security/pam_ecryptfs.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.pamMount)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.pam_mount}/lib/security/pam_mount.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.enableGnomeKeyring)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.gnome3.gnome-keyring}/lib/security/pam_gnome_keyring.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.startSession)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.systemd}/lib/security/pam_systemd.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.enableAppArmor)
+                     && config.security.apparmor.enable) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.apparmor-pam}/lib/security/pam_apparmor.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString (isEnabled (cfg: cfg.enableKwallet)) ''
+        mr ${pkgs.plasma5Packages.kwallet-pam}/lib/security/pam_kwallet5.so,
+      '' +
+      optionalString config.virtualisation.lxc.lxcfs.enable ''
+        mr ${pkgs.lxc}/lib/security/pam_cgfs.so
+      '';
+  };
+
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/pam_mount.nix b/nixos/modules/security/pam_mount.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..462b7f89e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/pam_mount.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+  cfg = config.security.pam.mount;
+
+  anyPamMount = any (attrByPath ["pamMount"] false) (attrValues config.security.pam.services);
+in
+
+{
+  options = {
+
+    security.pam.mount = {
+      enable = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Enable PAM mount system to mount fileystems on user login.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      extraVolumes = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.str;
+        default = [];
+        description = ''
+          List of volume definitions for pam_mount.
+          For more information, visit <link
+          xlink:href="http://pam-mount.sourceforge.net/pam_mount.conf.5.html" />.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      additionalSearchPaths = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.package;
+        default = [];
+        example = literalExpression "[ pkgs.bindfs ]";
+        description = ''
+          Additional programs to include in the search path of pam_mount.
+          Useful for example if you want to use some FUSE filesystems like bindfs.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      fuseMountOptions = mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf types.str;
+        default = [];
+        example = literalExpression ''
+          [ "nodev" "nosuid" "force-user=%(USER)" "gid=%(USERGID)" "perms=0700" "chmod-deny" "chown-deny" "chgrp-deny" ]
+        '';
+        description = ''
+          Global mount options that apply to every FUSE volume.
+          You can define volume-specific options in the volume definitions.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+
+  };
+
+  config = mkIf (cfg.enable || anyPamMount) {
+
+    environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.pam_mount ];
+    environment.etc."security/pam_mount.conf.xml" = {
+      source =
+        let
+          extraUserVolumes = filterAttrs (n: u: u.cryptHomeLuks != null || u.pamMount != {}) config.users.users;
+          mkAttr = k: v: ''${k}="${v}"'';
+          userVolumeEntry = user: let
+            attrs = {
+              user = user.name;
+              path = user.cryptHomeLuks;
+              mountpoint = user.home;
+            } // user.pamMount;
+          in
+            "<volume ${concatStringsSep " " (mapAttrsToList mkAttr attrs)} />\n";
+        in
+         pkgs.writeText "pam_mount.conf.xml" ''
+          <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+          <!DOCTYPE pam_mount SYSTEM "pam_mount.conf.xml.dtd">
+          <!-- auto generated from Nixos: modules/config/users-groups.nix -->
+          <pam_mount>
+          <debug enable="0" />
+
+          <!-- if activated, requires ofl from hxtools to be present -->
+          <logout wait="0" hup="no" term="no" kill="no" />
+          <!-- set PATH variable for pam_mount module -->
+          <path>${makeBinPath ([ pkgs.util-linux ] ++ cfg.additionalSearchPaths)}</path>
+          <!-- create mount point if not present -->
+          <mkmountpoint enable="1" remove="true" />
+
+          <!-- specify the binaries to be called -->
+          <fusemount>${pkgs.fuse}/bin/mount.fuse %(VOLUME) %(MNTPT) -o ${concatStringsSep "," (cfg.fuseMountOptions ++ [ "%(OPTIONS)" ])}</fusemount>
+          <cryptmount>${pkgs.pam_mount}/bin/mount.crypt %(VOLUME) %(MNTPT)</cryptmount>
+          <cryptumount>${pkgs.pam_mount}/bin/umount.crypt %(MNTPT)</cryptumount>
+          <pmvarrun>${pkgs.pam_mount}/bin/pmvarrun -u %(USER) -o %(OPERATION)</pmvarrun>
+
+          ${concatStrings (map userVolumeEntry (attrValues extraUserVolumes))}
+          ${concatStringsSep "\n" cfg.extraVolumes}
+          </pam_mount>
+          '';
+    };
+
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/pam_usb.nix b/nixos/modules/security/pam_usb.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..51d81e823f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/pam_usb.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+
+  cfg = config.security.pam.usb;
+
+  anyUsbAuth = any (attrByPath ["usbAuth"] false) (attrValues config.security.pam.services);
+
+in
+
+{
+  options = {
+
+    security.pam.usb = {
+      enable = mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Enable USB login for all login systems that support it.  For
+          more information, visit <link
+          xlink:href="https://github.com/aluzzardi/pam_usb/wiki/Getting-Started#setting-up-devices-and-users" />.
+        '';
+      };
+
+    };
+
+  };
+
+  config = mkIf (cfg.enable || anyUsbAuth) {
+
+    # Make sure pmount and pumount are setuid wrapped.
+    security.wrappers = {
+      pmount =
+        { setuid = true;
+          owner = "root";
+          group = "root";
+          source = "${pkgs.pmount.out}/bin/pmount";
+        };
+      pumount =
+        { setuid = true;
+          owner = "root";
+          group = "root";
+          source = "${pkgs.pmount.out}/bin/pumount";
+        };
+    };
+
+    environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.pmount ];
+
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/polkit.nix b/nixos/modules/security/polkit.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1ba149745c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/polkit.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+
+  cfg = config.security.polkit;
+
+in
+
+{
+
+  options = {
+
+    security.polkit.enable = mkEnableOption "polkit";
+
+    security.polkit.extraConfig = mkOption {
+      type = types.lines;
+      default = "";
+      example =
+        ''
+          /* Log authorization checks. */
+          polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
+            polkit.log("user " +  subject.user + " is attempting action " + action.id + " from PID " + subject.pid);
+          });
+
+          /* Allow any local user to do anything (dangerous!). */
+          polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
+            if (subject.local) return "yes";
+          });
+        '';
+      description =
+        ''
+          Any polkit rules to be added to config (in JavaScript ;-). See:
+          http://www.freedesktop.org/software/polkit/docs/latest/polkit.8.html#polkit-rules
+        '';
+    };
+
+    security.polkit.adminIdentities = mkOption {
+      type = types.listOf types.str;
+      default = [ "unix-group:wheel" ];
+      example = [ "unix-user:alice" "unix-group:admin" ];
+      description =
+        ''
+          Specifies which users are considered “administrators”, for those
+          actions that require the user to authenticate as an
+          administrator (i.e. have an <literal>auth_admin</literal>
+          value).  By default, this is all users in the <literal>wheel</literal> group.
+        '';
+    };
+
+  };
+
+
+  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
+
+    environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.polkit.bin pkgs.polkit.out ];
+
+    systemd.packages = [ pkgs.polkit.out ];
+
+    systemd.services.polkit.restartTriggers = [ config.system.path ];
+    systemd.services.polkit.stopIfChanged = false;
+
+    # The polkit daemon reads action/rule files
+    environment.pathsToLink = [ "/share/polkit-1" ];
+
+    # PolKit rules for NixOS.
+    environment.etc."polkit-1/rules.d/10-nixos.rules".text =
+      ''
+        polkit.addAdminRule(function(action, subject) {
+          return [${concatStringsSep ", " (map (i: "\"${i}\"") cfg.adminIdentities)}];
+        });
+
+        ${cfg.extraConfig}
+      ''; #TODO: validation on compilation (at least against typos)
+
+    services.dbus.packages = [ pkgs.polkit.out ];
+
+    security.pam.services.polkit-1 = {};
+
+    security.wrappers = {
+      pkexec =
+        { setuid = true;
+          owner = "root";
+          group = "root";
+          source = "${pkgs.polkit.bin}/bin/pkexec";
+        };
+      polkit-agent-helper-1 =
+        { setuid = true;
+          owner = "root";
+          group = "root";
+          source = "${pkgs.polkit.out}/lib/polkit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1";
+        };
+    };
+
+    systemd.tmpfiles.rules = [
+      # Probably no more needed, clean up
+      "R /var/lib/polkit-1"
+      "R /var/lib/PolicyKit"
+    ];
+
+    users.users.polkituser = {
+      description = "PolKit daemon";
+      uid = config.ids.uids.polkituser;
+      group = "polkituser";
+    };
+
+    users.groups.polkituser = {};
+  };
+
+}
+
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/rngd.nix b/nixos/modules/security/rngd.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8cca1c26d68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/rngd.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{ lib, ... }:
+let
+  removed = k: lib.mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "rngd" k ];
+in
+{
+  imports = [
+    (removed "enable" ''
+       rngd is not necessary for any device that the kernel recognises
+       as an hardware RNG, as it will automatically run the krngd task
+       to periodically collect random data from the device and mix it
+       into the kernel's RNG.
+    '')
+    (removed "debug"
+      "The rngd module was removed, so its debug option does nothing.")
+  ];
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/rtkit.nix b/nixos/modules/security/rtkit.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ad8746808e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/rtkit.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# A module for ‘rtkit’, a DBus system service that hands out realtime
+# scheduling priority to processes that ask for it.
+
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+{
+
+  options = {
+
+    security.rtkit.enable = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = false;
+      description = ''
+        Whether to enable the RealtimeKit system service, which hands
+        out realtime scheduling priority to user processes on
+        demand. For example, the PulseAudio server uses this to
+        acquire realtime priority.
+      '';
+    };
+
+  };
+
+
+  config = mkIf config.security.rtkit.enable {
+
+    security.polkit.enable = true;
+
+    # To make polkit pickup rtkit policies
+    environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.rtkit ];
+
+    systemd.packages = [ pkgs.rtkit ];
+
+    services.dbus.packages = [ pkgs.rtkit ];
+
+    users.users.rtkit =
+      {
+        isSystemUser = true;
+        group = "rtkit";
+        description = "RealtimeKit daemon";
+      };
+    users.groups.rtkit = {};
+
+  };
+
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/sudo.nix b/nixos/modules/security/sudo.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..99e578f8ada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/sudo.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+with lib;
+
+let
+
+  cfg = config.security.sudo;
+
+  inherit (pkgs) sudo;
+
+  toUserString = user: if (isInt user) then "#${toString user}" else "${user}";
+  toGroupString = group: if (isInt group) then "%#${toString group}" else "%${group}";
+
+  toCommandOptionsString = options:
+    "${concatStringsSep ":" options}${optionalString (length options != 0) ":"} ";
+
+  toCommandsString = commands:
+    concatStringsSep ", " (
+      map (command:
+        if (isString command) then
+          command
+        else
+          "${toCommandOptionsString command.options}${command.command}"
+      ) commands
+    );
+
+in
+
+{
+
+  ###### interface
+
+  options = {
+
+    security.sudo.enable = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = true;
+      description =
+        ''
+          Whether to enable the <command>sudo</command> command, which
+          allows non-root users to execute commands as root.
+        '';
+    };
+
+    security.sudo.package = mkOption {
+      type = types.package;
+      default = pkgs.sudo;
+      defaultText = literalExpression "pkgs.sudo";
+      description = ''
+        Which package to use for `sudo`.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.sudo.wheelNeedsPassword = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = true;
+      description =
+        ''
+          Whether users of the <code>wheel</code> group must
+          provide a password to run commands as super user via <command>sudo</command>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+    security.sudo.execWheelOnly = mkOption {
+      type = types.bool;
+      default = false;
+      description = ''
+        Only allow members of the <code>wheel</code> group to execute sudo by
+        setting the executable's permissions accordingly.
+        This prevents users that are not members of <code>wheel</code> from
+        exploiting vulnerabilities in sudo such as CVE-2021-3156.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.sudo.configFile = mkOption {
+      type = types.lines;
+      # Note: if syntax errors are detected in this file, the NixOS
+      # configuration will fail to build.
+      description =
+        ''
+          This string contains the contents of the
+          <filename>sudoers</filename> file.
+        '';
+    };
+
+    security.sudo.extraRules = mkOption {
+      description = ''
+        Define specific rules to be in the <filename>sudoers</filename> file.
+        More specific rules should come after more general ones in order to
+        yield the expected behavior. You can use mkBefore/mkAfter to ensure
+        this is the case when configuration options are merged.
+      '';
+      default = [];
+      example = literalExpression ''
+        [
+          # Allow execution of any command by all users in group sudo,
+          # requiring a password.
+          { groups = [ "sudo" ]; commands = [ "ALL" ]; }
+
+          # Allow execution of "/home/root/secret.sh" by user `backup`, `database`
+          # and the group with GID `1006` without a password.
+          { users = [ "backup" "database" ]; groups = [ 1006 ];
+            commands = [ { command = "/home/root/secret.sh"; options = [ "SETENV" "NOPASSWD" ]; } ]; }
+
+          # Allow all users of group `bar` to run two executables as user `foo`
+          # with arguments being pre-set.
+          { groups = [ "bar" ]; runAs = "foo";
+            commands =
+              [ "/home/baz/cmd1.sh hello-sudo"
+                  { command = '''/home/baz/cmd2.sh ""'''; options = [ "SETENV" ]; } ]; }
+        ]
+      '';
+      type = with types; listOf (submodule {
+        options = {
+          users = mkOption {
+            type = with types; listOf (either str int);
+            description = ''
+              The usernames / UIDs this rule should apply for.
+            '';
+            default = [];
+          };
+
+          groups = mkOption {
+            type = with types; listOf (either str int);
+            description = ''
+              The groups / GIDs this rule should apply for.
+            '';
+            default = [];
+          };
+
+          host = mkOption {
+            type = types.str;
+            default = "ALL";
+            description = ''
+              For what host this rule should apply.
+            '';
+          };
+
+          runAs = mkOption {
+            type = with types; str;
+            default = "ALL:ALL";
+            description = ''
+              Under which user/group the specified command is allowed to run.
+
+              A user can be specified using just the username: <code>"foo"</code>.
+              It is also possible to specify a user/group combination using <code>"foo:bar"</code>
+              or to only allow running as a specific group with <code>":bar"</code>.
+            '';
+          };
+
+          commands = mkOption {
+            description = ''
+              The commands for which the rule should apply.
+            '';
+            type = with types; listOf (either str (submodule {
+
+              options = {
+                command = mkOption {
+                  type = with types; str;
+                  description = ''
+                    A command being either just a path to a binary to allow any arguments,
+                    the full command with arguments pre-set or with <code>""</code> used as the argument,
+                    not allowing arguments to the command at all.
+                  '';
+                };
+
+                options = mkOption {
+                  type = with types; listOf (enum [ "NOPASSWD" "PASSWD" "NOEXEC" "EXEC" "SETENV" "NOSETENV" "LOG_INPUT" "NOLOG_INPUT" "LOG_OUTPUT" "NOLOG_OUTPUT" ]);
+                  description = ''
+                    Options for running the command. Refer to the <a href="https://www.sudo.ws/man/1.7.10/sudoers.man.html">sudo manual</a>.
+                  '';
+                  default = [];
+                };
+              };
+
+            }));
+          };
+        };
+      });
+    };
+
+    security.sudo.extraConfig = mkOption {
+      type = types.lines;
+      default = "";
+      description = ''
+        Extra configuration text appended to <filename>sudoers</filename>.
+      '';
+    };
+  };
+
+
+  ###### implementation
+
+  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
+
+    # We `mkOrder 600` so that the default rule shows up first, but there is
+    # still enough room for a user to `mkBefore` it.
+    security.sudo.extraRules = mkOrder 600 [
+      { groups = [ "wheel" ];
+        commands = [ { command = "ALL"; options = (if cfg.wheelNeedsPassword then [ "SETENV" ] else [ "NOPASSWD" "SETENV" ]); } ];
+      }
+    ];
+
+    security.sudo.configFile =
+      ''
+        # Don't edit this file. Set the NixOS options ‘security.sudo.configFile’
+        # or ‘security.sudo.extraRules’ instead.
+
+        # Keep SSH_AUTH_SOCK so that pam_ssh_agent_auth.so can do its magic.
+        Defaults env_keep+=SSH_AUTH_SOCK
+
+        # "root" is allowed to do anything.
+        root        ALL=(ALL:ALL) SETENV: ALL
+
+        # extraRules
+        ${concatStringsSep "\n" (
+          lists.flatten (
+            map (
+              rule: if (length rule.commands != 0) then [
+                (map (user: "${toUserString user}	${rule.host}=(${rule.runAs})	${toCommandsString rule.commands}") rule.users)
+                (map (group: "${toGroupString group}	${rule.host}=(${rule.runAs})	${toCommandsString rule.commands}") rule.groups)
+              ] else []
+            ) cfg.extraRules
+          )
+        )}
+
+        ${cfg.extraConfig}
+      '';
+
+    security.wrappers = let
+      owner = "root";
+      group = if cfg.execWheelOnly then "wheel" else "root";
+      setuid = true;
+      permissions = if cfg.execWheelOnly then "u+rx,g+x" else "u+rx,g+x,o+x";
+    in {
+      sudo = {
+        source = "${cfg.package.out}/bin/sudo";
+        inherit owner group setuid permissions;
+      };
+      sudoedit = {
+        source = "${cfg.package.out}/bin/sudoedit";
+        inherit owner group setuid permissions;
+      };
+    };
+
+    environment.systemPackages = [ sudo ];
+
+    security.pam.services.sudo = { sshAgentAuth = true; };
+
+    environment.etc.sudoers =
+      { source =
+          pkgs.runCommand "sudoers"
+          {
+            src = pkgs.writeText "sudoers-in" cfg.configFile;
+            preferLocalBuild = true;
+          }
+          # Make sure that the sudoers file is syntactically valid.
+          # (currently disabled - NIXOS-66)
+          "${pkgs.buildPackages.sudo}/sbin/visudo -f $src -c && cp $src $out";
+        mode = "0440";
+      };
+
+  };
+
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/systemd-confinement.nix b/nixos/modules/security/systemd-confinement.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f3a2de3bf87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/systemd-confinement.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+{ config, pkgs, lib, utils, ... }:
+
+let
+  toplevelConfig = config;
+  inherit (lib) types;
+  inherit (utils.systemdUtils.lib) mkPathSafeName;
+in {
+  options.systemd.services = lib.mkOption {
+    type = types.attrsOf (types.submodule ({ name, config, ... }: {
+      options.confinement.enable = lib.mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          If set, all the required runtime store paths for this service are
+          bind-mounted into a <literal>tmpfs</literal>-based <citerefentry>
+            <refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle>
+            <manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+          </citerefentry>.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      options.confinement.fullUnit = lib.mkOption {
+        type = types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = ''
+          Whether to include the full closure of the systemd unit file into the
+          chroot, instead of just the dependencies for the executables.
+
+          <warning><para>While it may be tempting to just enable this option to
+          make things work quickly, please be aware that this might add paths
+          to the closure of the chroot that you didn't anticipate. It's better
+          to use <option>confinement.packages</option> to <emphasis
+          role="strong">explicitly</emphasis> add additional store paths to the
+          chroot.</para></warning>
+        '';
+      };
+
+      options.confinement.packages = lib.mkOption {
+        type = types.listOf (types.either types.str types.package);
+        default = [];
+        description = let
+          mkScOption = optName: "<option>serviceConfig.${optName}</option>";
+        in ''
+          Additional packages or strings with context to add to the closure of
+          the chroot. By default, this includes all the packages from the
+          ${lib.concatMapStringsSep ", " mkScOption [
+            "ExecReload" "ExecStartPost" "ExecStartPre" "ExecStop"
+            "ExecStopPost"
+          ]} and ${mkScOption "ExecStart"} options. If you want to have all the
+          dependencies of this systemd unit, you can use
+          <option>confinement.fullUnit</option>.
+
+          <note><para>The store paths listed in <option>path</option> are
+          <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> included in the closure as
+          well as paths from other options except those listed
+          above.</para></note>
+        '';
+      };
+
+      options.confinement.binSh = lib.mkOption {
+        type = types.nullOr types.path;
+        default = toplevelConfig.environment.binsh;
+        defaultText = lib.literalExpression "config.environment.binsh";
+        example = lib.literalExpression ''"''${pkgs.dash}/bin/dash"'';
+        description = ''
+          The program to make available as <filename>/bin/sh</filename> inside
+          the chroot. If this is set to <literal>null</literal>, no
+          <filename>/bin/sh</filename> is provided at all.
+
+          This is useful for some applications, which for example use the
+          <citerefentry>
+            <refentrytitle>system</refentrytitle>
+            <manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+          </citerefentry> library function to execute commands.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      options.confinement.mode = lib.mkOption {
+        type = types.enum [ "full-apivfs" "chroot-only" ];
+        default = "full-apivfs";
+        description = ''
+          The value <literal>full-apivfs</literal> (the default) sets up
+          private <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>, <filename
+          class="directory">/proc</filename>, <filename
+          class="directory">/sys</filename> and <filename
+          class="directory">/tmp</filename> file systems in a separate user
+          name space.
+
+          If this is set to <literal>chroot-only</literal>, only the file
+          system name space is set up along with the call to <citerefentry>
+            <refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle>
+            <manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+          </citerefentry>.
+
+          <note><para>This doesn't cover network namespaces and is solely for
+          file system level isolation.</para></note>
+        '';
+      };
+
+      config = let
+        rootName = "${mkPathSafeName name}-chroot";
+        inherit (config.confinement) binSh fullUnit;
+        wantsAPIVFS = lib.mkDefault (config.confinement.mode == "full-apivfs");
+      in lib.mkIf config.confinement.enable {
+        serviceConfig = {
+          RootDirectory = "/var/empty";
+          TemporaryFileSystem = "/";
+          PrivateMounts = lib.mkDefault true;
+
+          # https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/14645 is a future attempt
+          # to change some of these to default to true.
+          #
+          # If we run in chroot-only mode, having something like PrivateDevices
+          # set to true by default will mount /dev within the chroot, whereas
+          # with "chroot-only" it's expected that there are no /dev, /proc and
+          # /sys file systems available.
+          #
+          # However, if this suddenly becomes true, the attack surface will
+          # increase, so let's explicitly set these options to true/false
+          # depending on the mode.
+          MountAPIVFS = wantsAPIVFS;
+          PrivateDevices = wantsAPIVFS;
+          PrivateTmp = wantsAPIVFS;
+          PrivateUsers = wantsAPIVFS;
+          ProtectControlGroups = wantsAPIVFS;
+          ProtectKernelModules = wantsAPIVFS;
+          ProtectKernelTunables = wantsAPIVFS;
+        };
+        confinement.packages = let
+          execOpts = [
+            "ExecReload" "ExecStart" "ExecStartPost" "ExecStartPre" "ExecStop"
+            "ExecStopPost"
+          ];
+          execPkgs = lib.concatMap (opt: let
+            isSet = config.serviceConfig ? ${opt};
+          in lib.flatten (lib.optional isSet config.serviceConfig.${opt})) execOpts;
+          unitAttrs = toplevelConfig.systemd.units."${name}.service";
+          allPkgs = lib.singleton (builtins.toJSON unitAttrs);
+          unitPkgs = if fullUnit then allPkgs else execPkgs;
+        in unitPkgs ++ lib.optional (binSh != null) binSh;
+      };
+    }));
+  };
+
+  config.assertions = lib.concatLists (lib.mapAttrsToList (name: cfg: let
+    whatOpt = optName: "The 'serviceConfig' option '${optName}' for"
+                    + " service '${name}' is enabled in conjunction with"
+                    + " 'confinement.enable'";
+  in lib.optionals cfg.confinement.enable [
+    { assertion = !cfg.serviceConfig.RootDirectoryStartOnly or false;
+      message = "${whatOpt "RootDirectoryStartOnly"}, but right now systemd"
+              + " doesn't support restricting bind-mounts to 'ExecStart'."
+              + " Please either define a separate service or find a way to run"
+              + " commands other than ExecStart within the chroot.";
+    }
+    { assertion = !cfg.serviceConfig.DynamicUser or false;
+      message = "${whatOpt "DynamicUser"}. Please create a dedicated user via"
+              + " the 'users.users' option instead as this combination is"
+              + " currently not supported.";
+    }
+    { assertion = cfg.serviceConfig ? ProtectSystem -> cfg.serviceConfig.ProtectSystem == false;
+      message = "${whatOpt "ProtectSystem"}. ProtectSystem is not compatible"
+              + " with service confinement as it fails to remount /usr within"
+              + " our chroot. Please disable the option.";
+    }
+  ]) config.systemd.services);
+
+  config.systemd.packages = lib.concatLists (lib.mapAttrsToList (name: cfg: let
+    rootPaths = let
+      contents = lib.concatStringsSep "\n" cfg.confinement.packages;
+    in pkgs.writeText "${mkPathSafeName name}-string-contexts.txt" contents;
+
+    chrootPaths = pkgs.runCommand "${mkPathSafeName name}-chroot-paths" {
+      closureInfo = pkgs.closureInfo { inherit rootPaths; };
+      serviceName = "${name}.service";
+      excludedPath = rootPaths;
+    } ''
+      mkdir -p "$out/lib/systemd/system/$serviceName.d"
+      serviceFile="$out/lib/systemd/system/$serviceName.d/confinement.conf"
+
+      echo '[Service]' > "$serviceFile"
+
+      # /bin/sh is special here, because the option value could contain a
+      # symlink and we need to properly resolve it.
+      ${lib.optionalString (cfg.confinement.binSh != null) ''
+        binsh=${lib.escapeShellArg cfg.confinement.binSh}
+        realprog="$(readlink -e "$binsh")"
+        echo "BindReadOnlyPaths=$realprog:/bin/sh" >> "$serviceFile"
+      ''}
+
+      while read storePath; do
+        if [ -L "$storePath" ]; then
+          # Currently, systemd can't cope with symlinks in Bind(ReadOnly)Paths,
+          # so let's just bind-mount the target to that location.
+          echo "BindReadOnlyPaths=$(readlink -e "$storePath"):$storePath"
+        elif [ "$storePath" != "$excludedPath" ]; then
+          echo "BindReadOnlyPaths=$storePath"
+        fi
+      done < "$closureInfo/store-paths" >> "$serviceFile"
+    '';
+  in lib.optional cfg.confinement.enable chrootPaths) config.systemd.services);
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/tpm2.nix b/nixos/modules/security/tpm2.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..be85fd246e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/tpm2.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+{ lib, pkgs, config, ... }:
+let
+  cfg = config.security.tpm2;
+
+  # This snippet is taken from tpm2-tss/dist/tpm-udev.rules, but modified to allow custom user/groups
+  # The idea is that the tssUser is allowed to acess the TPM and kernel TPM resource manager, while
+  # the tssGroup is only allowed to access the kernel resource manager
+  # Therefore, if either of the two are null, the respective part isn't generated
+  udevRules = tssUser: tssGroup: ''
+    ${lib.optionalString (tssUser != null) ''KERNEL=="tpm[0-9]*", MODE="0660", OWNER="${tssUser}"''}
+    ${lib.optionalString (tssUser != null || tssGroup != null)
+      ''KERNEL=="tpmrm[0-9]*", MODE="0660"''
+      + lib.optionalString (tssUser != null) '', OWNER="${tssUser}"''
+      + lib.optionalString (tssGroup != null) '', GROUP="${tssGroup}"''
+     }
+  '';
+
+in {
+  options.security.tpm2 = {
+    enable = lib.mkEnableOption "Trusted Platform Module 2 support";
+
+    tssUser = lib.mkOption {
+      description = ''
+        Name of the tpm device-owner and service user, set if applyUdevRules is
+        set.
+      '';
+      type = lib.types.nullOr lib.types.str;
+      default = if cfg.abrmd.enable then "tss" else "root";
+      defaultText = lib.literalExpression ''if config.security.tpm2.abrmd.enable then "tss" else "root"'';
+    };
+
+    tssGroup = lib.mkOption {
+      description = ''
+        Group of the tpm kernel resource manager (tpmrm) device-group, set if
+        applyUdevRules is set.
+      '';
+      type = lib.types.nullOr lib.types.str;
+      default = "tss";
+    };
+
+    applyUdevRules = lib.mkOption {
+      description = ''
+        Whether to make the /dev/tpm[0-9] devices accessible by the tssUser, or
+        the /dev/tpmrm[0-9] by tssGroup respectively
+      '';
+      type = lib.types.bool;
+      default = true;
+    };
+
+    abrmd = {
+      enable = lib.mkEnableOption ''
+        Trusted Platform 2 userspace resource manager daemon
+      '';
+
+      package = lib.mkOption {
+        description = "tpm2-abrmd package to use";
+        type = lib.types.package;
+        default = pkgs.tpm2-abrmd;
+        defaultText = lib.literalExpression "pkgs.tpm2-abrmd";
+      };
+    };
+
+    pkcs11 = {
+      enable = lib.mkEnableOption ''
+        TPM2 PKCS#11 tool and shared library in system path
+        (<literal>/run/current-system/sw/lib/libtpm2_pkcs11.so</literal>)
+      '';
+
+      package = lib.mkOption {
+        description = "tpm2-pkcs11 package to use";
+        type = lib.types.package;
+        default = pkgs.tpm2-pkcs11;
+        defaultText = lib.literalExpression "pkgs.tpm2-pkcs11";
+      };
+    };
+
+    tctiEnvironment = {
+      enable = lib.mkOption {
+        description = ''
+          Set common TCTI environment variables to the specified value.
+          The variables are
+          <itemizedlist>
+            <listitem>
+              <para>
+                <literal>TPM2TOOLS_TCTI</literal>
+              </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+              <para>
+                <literal>TPM2_PKCS11_TCTI</literal>
+              </para>
+            </listitem>
+          </itemizedlist>
+        '';
+        type = lib.types.bool;
+        default = false;
+      };
+
+      interface = lib.mkOption {
+        description = ''
+          The name of the TPM command transmission interface (TCTI) library to
+          use.
+        '';
+        type = lib.types.enum [ "tabrmd" "device" ];
+        default = "device";
+      };
+
+      deviceConf = lib.mkOption {
+        description = ''
+          Configuration part of the device TCTI, e.g. the path to the TPM device.
+          Applies if interface is set to "device".
+          The format is specified in the
+          <link xlink:href="https://github.com/tpm2-software/tpm2-tools/blob/master/man/common/tcti.md#tcti-options">
+          tpm2-tools repository</link>.
+        '';
+        type = lib.types.str;
+        default = "/dev/tpmrm0";
+      };
+
+      tabrmdConf = lib.mkOption {
+        description = ''
+          Configuration part of the tabrmd TCTI, like the D-Bus bus name.
+          Applies if interface is set to "tabrmd".
+          The format is specified in the
+          <link xlink:href="https://github.com/tpm2-software/tpm2-tools/blob/master/man/common/tcti.md#tcti-options">
+          tpm2-tools repository</link>.
+        '';
+        type = lib.types.str;
+        default = "bus_name=com.intel.tss2.Tabrmd";
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  config = lib.mkIf cfg.enable (lib.mkMerge [
+    {
+      # PKCS11 tools and library
+      environment.systemPackages = lib.mkIf cfg.pkcs11.enable [
+        (lib.getBin cfg.pkcs11.package)
+        (lib.getLib cfg.pkcs11.package)
+      ];
+
+      services.udev.extraRules = lib.mkIf cfg.applyUdevRules
+        (udevRules cfg.tssUser cfg.tssGroup);
+
+      # Create the tss user and group only if the default value is used
+      users.users.${cfg.tssUser} = lib.mkIf (cfg.tssUser == "tss") {
+        isSystemUser = true;
+        group = "tss";
+      };
+      users.groups.${cfg.tssGroup} = lib.mkIf (cfg.tssGroup == "tss") {};
+
+      environment.variables = lib.mkIf cfg.tctiEnvironment.enable (
+        lib.attrsets.genAttrs [
+          "TPM2TOOLS_TCTI"
+          "TPM2_PKCS11_TCTI"
+        ] (_: ''${cfg.tctiEnvironment.interface}:${
+          if cfg.tctiEnvironment.interface == "tabrmd" then
+            cfg.tctiEnvironment.tabrmdConf
+          else
+            cfg.tctiEnvironment.deviceConf
+        }'')
+      );
+    }
+
+    (lib.mkIf cfg.abrmd.enable {
+      systemd.services."tpm2-abrmd" = {
+        wantedBy = [ "multi-user.target" ];
+        serviceConfig = {
+          Type = "dbus";
+          Restart = "always";
+          RestartSec = 30;
+          BusName = "com.intel.tss2.Tabrmd";
+          ExecStart = "${cfg.abrmd.package}/bin/tpm2-abrmd";
+          User = "tss";
+          Group = "tss";
+        };
+      };
+
+      services.dbus.packages = lib.singleton cfg.abrmd.package;
+    })
+  ]);
+
+  meta.maintainers = with lib.maintainers; [ lschuermann ];
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/default.nix b/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/default.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e63f19010de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/default.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
+let
+
+  inherit (config.security) wrapperDir wrappers;
+
+  parentWrapperDir = dirOf wrapperDir;
+
+  securityWrapper = pkgs.callPackage ./wrapper.nix {
+    inherit parentWrapperDir;
+  };
+
+  fileModeType =
+    let
+      # taken from the chmod(1) man page
+      symbolic = "[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+|[-+=][0-7]+";
+      numeric = "[-+=]?[0-7]{0,4}";
+      mode = "((${symbolic})(,${symbolic})*)|(${numeric})";
+    in
+     lib.types.strMatching mode
+     // { description = "file mode string"; };
+
+  wrapperType = lib.types.submodule ({ name, config, ... }: {
+    options.source = lib.mkOption
+      { type = lib.types.path;
+        description = "The absolute path to the program to be wrapped.";
+      };
+    options.program = lib.mkOption
+      { type = with lib.types; nullOr str;
+        default = name;
+        description = ''
+          The name of the wrapper program. Defaults to the attribute name.
+        '';
+      };
+    options.owner = lib.mkOption
+      { type = lib.types.str;
+        description = "The owner of the wrapper program.";
+      };
+    options.group = lib.mkOption
+      { type = lib.types.str;
+        description = "The group of the wrapper program.";
+      };
+    options.permissions = lib.mkOption
+      { type = fileModeType;
+        default  = "u+rx,g+x,o+x";
+        example = "a+rx";
+        description = ''
+          The permissions of the wrapper program. The format is that of a
+          symbolic or numeric file mode understood by <command>chmod</command>.
+        '';
+      };
+    options.capabilities = lib.mkOption
+      { type = lib.types.commas;
+        default = "";
+        description = ''
+          A comma-separated list of capabilities to be given to the wrapper
+          program. For capabilities supported by the system check the
+          <citerefentry>
+            <refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle>
+            <manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
+          </citerefentry>
+          manual page.
+
+          <note><para>
+            <literal>cap_setpcap</literal>, which is required for the wrapper
+            program to be able to raise caps into the Ambient set is NOT raised
+            to the Ambient set so that the real program cannot modify its own
+            capabilities!! This may be too restrictive for cases in which the
+            real program needs cap_setpcap but it at least leans on the side
+            security paranoid vs. too relaxed.
+          </para></note>
+        '';
+      };
+    options.setuid = lib.mkOption
+      { type = lib.types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = "Whether to add the setuid bit the wrapper program.";
+      };
+    options.setgid = lib.mkOption
+      { type = lib.types.bool;
+        default = false;
+        description = "Whether to add the setgid bit the wrapper program.";
+      };
+  });
+
+  ###### Activation script for the setcap wrappers
+  mkSetcapProgram =
+    { program
+    , capabilities
+    , source
+    , owner
+    , group
+    , permissions
+    , ...
+    }:
+    ''
+      cp ${securityWrapper}/bin/security-wrapper "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+      echo -n "${source}" > "$wrapperDir/${program}.real"
+
+      # Prevent races
+      chmod 0000 "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+      chown ${owner}.${group} "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+
+      # Set desired capabilities on the file plus cap_setpcap so
+      # the wrapper program can elevate the capabilities set on
+      # its file into the Ambient set.
+      ${pkgs.libcap.out}/bin/setcap "cap_setpcap,${capabilities}" "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+
+      # Set the executable bit
+      chmod ${permissions} "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+    '';
+
+  ###### Activation script for the setuid wrappers
+  mkSetuidProgram =
+    { program
+    , source
+    , owner
+    , group
+    , setuid
+    , setgid
+    , permissions
+    , ...
+    }:
+    ''
+      cp ${securityWrapper}/bin/security-wrapper "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+      echo -n "${source}" > "$wrapperDir/${program}.real"
+
+      # Prevent races
+      chmod 0000 "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+      chown ${owner}.${group} "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+
+      chmod "u${if setuid then "+" else "-"}s,g${if setgid then "+" else "-"}s,${permissions}" "$wrapperDir/${program}"
+    '';
+
+  mkWrappedPrograms =
+    builtins.map
+      (opts:
+        if opts.capabilities != ""
+        then mkSetcapProgram opts
+        else mkSetuidProgram opts
+      ) (lib.attrValues wrappers);
+in
+{
+  imports = [
+    (lib.mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "setuidOwners" ] "Use security.wrappers instead")
+    (lib.mkRemovedOptionModule [ "security" "setuidPrograms" ] "Use security.wrappers instead")
+  ];
+
+  ###### interface
+
+  options = {
+    security.wrappers = lib.mkOption {
+      type = lib.types.attrsOf wrapperType;
+      default = {};
+      example = lib.literalExpression
+        ''
+          {
+            # a setuid root program
+            doas =
+              { setuid = true;
+                owner = "root";
+                group = "root";
+                source = "''${pkgs.doas}/bin/doas";
+              };
+
+            # a setgid program
+            locate =
+              { setgid = true;
+                owner = "root";
+                group = "mlocate";
+                source = "''${pkgs.locate}/bin/locate";
+              };
+
+            # a program with the CAP_NET_RAW capability
+            ping =
+              { owner = "root";
+                group = "root";
+                capabilities = "cap_net_raw+ep";
+                source = "''${pkgs.iputils.out}/bin/ping";
+              };
+          }
+        '';
+      description = ''
+        This option effectively allows adding setuid/setgid bits, capabilities,
+        changing file ownership and permissions of a program without directly
+        modifying it. This works by creating a wrapper program under the
+        <option>security.wrapperDir</option> directory, which is then added to
+        the shell <literal>PATH</literal>.
+      '';
+    };
+
+    security.wrapperDir = lib.mkOption {
+      type        = lib.types.path;
+      default     = "/run/wrappers/bin";
+      internal    = true;
+      description = ''
+        This option defines the path to the wrapper programs. It
+        should not be overriden.
+      '';
+    };
+  };
+
+  ###### implementation
+  config = {
+
+    assertions = lib.mapAttrsToList
+      (name: opts:
+        { assertion = opts.setuid || opts.setgid -> opts.capabilities == "";
+          message = ''
+            The security.wrappers.${name} wrapper is not valid:
+                setuid/setgid and capabilities are mutually exclusive.
+          '';
+        }
+      ) wrappers;
+
+    security.wrappers =
+      let
+        mkSetuidRoot = source:
+          { setuid = true;
+            owner = "root";
+            group = "root";
+            inherit source;
+          };
+      in
+      { # These are mount related wrappers that require the +s permission.
+        fusermount  = mkSetuidRoot "${pkgs.fuse}/bin/fusermount";
+        fusermount3 = mkSetuidRoot "${pkgs.fuse3}/bin/fusermount3";
+        mount  = mkSetuidRoot "${lib.getBin pkgs.util-linux}/bin/mount";
+        umount = mkSetuidRoot "${lib.getBin pkgs.util-linux}/bin/umount";
+      };
+
+    boot.specialFileSystems.${parentWrapperDir} = {
+      fsType = "tmpfs";
+      options = [ "nodev" "mode=755" ];
+    };
+
+    # Make sure our wrapperDir exports to the PATH env variable when
+    # initializing the shell
+    environment.extraInit = ''
+      # Wrappers override other bin directories.
+      export PATH="${wrapperDir}:$PATH"
+    '';
+
+    security.apparmor.includes."nixos/security.wrappers" = ''
+      include "${pkgs.apparmorRulesFromClosure { name="security.wrappers"; } [
+        securityWrapper
+      ]}"
+    '';
+
+    ###### wrappers activation script
+    system.activationScripts.wrappers =
+      lib.stringAfter [ "specialfs" "users" ]
+        ''
+          chmod 755 "${parentWrapperDir}"
+
+          # We want to place the tmpdirs for the wrappers to the parent dir.
+          wrapperDir=$(mktemp --directory --tmpdir="${parentWrapperDir}" wrappers.XXXXXXXXXX)
+          chmod a+rx "$wrapperDir"
+
+          ${lib.concatStringsSep "\n" mkWrappedPrograms}
+
+          if [ -L ${wrapperDir} ]; then
+            # Atomically replace the symlink
+            # See https://axialcorps.com/2013/07/03/atomically-replacing-files-and-directories/
+            old=$(readlink -f ${wrapperDir})
+            if [ -e "${wrapperDir}-tmp" ]; then
+              rm --force --recursive "${wrapperDir}-tmp"
+            fi
+            ln --symbolic --force --no-dereference "$wrapperDir" "${wrapperDir}-tmp"
+            mv --no-target-directory "${wrapperDir}-tmp" "${wrapperDir}"
+            rm --force --recursive "$old"
+          else
+            # For initial setup
+            ln --symbolic "$wrapperDir" "${wrapperDir}"
+          fi
+        '';
+
+    ###### wrappers consistency checks
+    system.extraDependencies = lib.singleton (pkgs.runCommandLocal
+      "ensure-all-wrappers-paths-exist" { }
+      ''
+        # make sure we produce output
+        mkdir -p $out
+
+        echo -n "Checking that Nix store paths of all wrapped programs exist... "
+
+        declare -A wrappers
+        ${lib.concatStringsSep "\n" (lib.mapAttrsToList (n: v:
+          "wrappers['${n}']='${v.source}'") wrappers)}
+
+        for name in "''${!wrappers[@]}"; do
+          path="''${wrappers[$name]}"
+          if [[ "$path" =~ /nix/store ]] && [ ! -e "$path" ]; then
+            test -t 1 && echo -ne '\033[1;31m'
+            echo "FAIL"
+            echo "The path $path does not exist!"
+            echo 'Please, check the value of `security.wrappers."'$name'".source`.'
+            test -t 1 && echo -ne '\033[0m'
+            exit 1
+          fi
+        done
+
+        echo "OK"
+      '');
+  };
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/wrapper.c b/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/wrapper.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..529669facda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/wrapper.c
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/xattr.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <linux/capability.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <syscall.h>
+#include <byteswap.h>
+
+// Make sure assertions are not compiled out, we use them to codify
+// invariants about this program and we want it to fail fast and
+// loudly if they are violated.
+#undef NDEBUG
+
+extern char **environ;
+
+// The WRAPPER_DIR macro is supplied at compile time so that it cannot
+// be changed at runtime
+static char *wrapper_dir = WRAPPER_DIR;
+
+// Wrapper debug variable name
+static char *wrapper_debug = "WRAPPER_DEBUG";
+
+#define CAP_SETPCAP 8
+
+#if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#define LE32_TO_H(x) bswap_32(x)
+#else
+#define LE32_TO_H(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+int get_last_cap(unsigned *last_cap) {
+    FILE* file = fopen("/proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap", "r");
+    if (file == NULL) {
+        int saved_errno = errno;
+        fprintf(stderr, "failed to open /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        return -saved_errno;
+    }
+    int res = fscanf(file, "%u", last_cap);
+    if (res == EOF) {
+        int saved_errno = errno;
+        fprintf(stderr, "could not read number from /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        return -saved_errno;
+    }
+    fclose(file);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Given the path to this program, fetch its configured capability set
+// (as set by `setcap ... /path/to/file`) and raise those capabilities
+// into the Ambient set.
+static int make_caps_ambient(const char *self_path) {
+    struct vfs_ns_cap_data data = {};
+    int r = getxattr(self_path, "security.capability", &data, sizeof(data));
+
+    if (r < 0) {
+        if (errno == ENODATA) {
+            // no capabilities set
+            return 0;
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr, "cannot get capabilities for %s: %s", self_path, strerror(errno));
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    size_t size;
+    uint32_t version = LE32_TO_H(data.magic_etc) & VFS_CAP_REVISION_MASK;
+    switch (version) {
+        case VFS_CAP_REVISION_1:
+            size = VFS_CAP_U32_1;
+            break;
+        case VFS_CAP_REVISION_2:
+        case VFS_CAP_REVISION_3:
+            size = VFS_CAP_U32_3;
+            break;
+        default:
+            fprintf(stderr, "BUG! Unsupported capability version 0x%x on %s. Report to NixOS bugtracker\n", version, self_path);
+            return 1;
+    }
+
+    const struct __user_cap_header_struct header = {
+      .version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3,
+      .pid = getpid(),
+    };
+    struct __user_cap_data_struct user_data[2] = {};
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        // merge inheritable & permitted into one
+        user_data[i].permitted = user_data[i].inheritable =
+            LE32_TO_H(data.data[i].inheritable) | LE32_TO_H(data.data[i].permitted);
+    }
+
+    if (syscall(SYS_capset, &header, &user_data) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "failed to inherit capabilities: %s", strerror(errno));
+        return 1;
+    }
+    unsigned last_cap;
+    r = get_last_cap(&last_cap);
+    if (r < 0) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    uint64_t set = user_data[0].permitted | (uint64_t)user_data[1].permitted << 32;
+    for (unsigned cap = 0; cap < last_cap; cap++) {
+        if (!(set & (1ULL << cap))) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Check for the cap_setpcap capability, we set this on the
+        // wrapper so it can elevate the capabilities to the Ambient
+        // set but we do not want to propagate it down into the
+        // wrapped program.
+        //
+        // TODO: what happens if that's the behavior you want
+        // though???? I'm preferring a strict vs. loose policy here.
+        if (cap == CAP_SETPCAP) {
+            if(getenv(wrapper_debug)) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "cap_setpcap in set, skipping it\n");
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (prctl(PR_CAP_AMBIENT, PR_CAP_AMBIENT_RAISE, (unsigned long) cap, 0, 0)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "cannot raise the capability %d into the ambient set: %s\n", cap, strerror(errno));
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (getenv(wrapper_debug)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "raised %d into the ambient capability set\n", cap);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int readlink_malloc(const char *p, char **ret) {
+    size_t l = FILENAME_MAX+1;
+    int r;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        char *c = calloc(l, sizeof(char));
+        if (!c) {
+            return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        ssize_t n = readlink(p, c, l-1);
+        if (n < 0) {
+            r = -errno;
+            free(c);
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        if ((size_t) n < l-1) {
+            c[n] = 0;
+            *ret = c;
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        free(c);
+        l *= 2;
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    char *self_path = NULL;
+    int self_path_size = readlink_malloc("/proc/self/exe", &self_path);
+    if (self_path_size < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "cannot readlink /proc/self/exe: %s", strerror(-self_path_size));
+    }
+
+    // Make sure that we are being executed from the right location,
+    // i.e., `safe_wrapper_dir'.  This is to prevent someone from creating
+    // hard link `X' from some other location, along with a false
+    // `X.real' file, to allow arbitrary programs from being executed
+    // with elevated capabilities.
+    int len = strlen(wrapper_dir);
+    if (len > 0 && '/' == wrapper_dir[len - 1])
+      --len;
+    assert(!strncmp(self_path, wrapper_dir, len));
+    assert('/' == wrapper_dir[0]);
+    assert('/' == self_path[len]);
+
+    // Make *really* *really* sure that we were executed as
+    // `self_path', and not, say, as some other setuid program. That
+    // is, our effective uid/gid should match the uid/gid of
+    // `self_path'.
+    struct stat st;
+    assert(lstat(self_path, &st) != -1);
+
+    assert(!(st.st_mode & S_ISUID) || (st.st_uid == geteuid()));
+    assert(!(st.st_mode & S_ISGID) || (st.st_gid == getegid()));
+
+    // And, of course, we shouldn't be writable.
+    assert(!(st.st_mode & (S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH)));
+
+    // Read the path of the real (wrapped) program from <self>.real.
+    char real_fn[PATH_MAX + 10];
+    int real_fn_size = snprintf(real_fn, sizeof(real_fn), "%s.real", self_path);
+    assert(real_fn_size < sizeof(real_fn));
+
+    int fd_self = open(real_fn, O_RDONLY);
+    assert(fd_self != -1);
+
+    char source_prog[PATH_MAX];
+    len = read(fd_self, source_prog, PATH_MAX);
+    assert(len != -1);
+    assert(len < sizeof(source_prog));
+    assert(len > 0);
+    source_prog[len] = 0;
+
+    close(fd_self);
+
+    // Read the capabilities set on the wrapper and raise them in to
+    // the ambient set so the program we're wrapping receives the
+    // capabilities too!
+    if (make_caps_ambient(self_path) != 0) {
+        free(self_path);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    free(self_path);
+
+    execve(source_prog, argv, environ);
+    
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: cannot run `%s': %s\n",
+        argv[0], source_prog, strerror(errno));
+
+    return 1;
+}
diff --git a/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/wrapper.nix b/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/wrapper.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e3620fb222d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/security/wrappers/wrapper.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{ stdenv, linuxHeaders, parentWrapperDir, debug ? false }:
+# For testing:
+# $ nix-build -E 'with import <nixpkgs> {}; pkgs.callPackage ./wrapper.nix { parentWrapperDir = "/run/wrappers"; debug = true; }'
+stdenv.mkDerivation {
+  name = "security-wrapper";
+  buildInputs = [ linuxHeaders ];
+  dontUnpack = true;
+  hardeningEnable = [ "pie" ];
+  CFLAGS = [
+    ''-DWRAPPER_DIR="${parentWrapperDir}"''
+  ] ++ (if debug then [
+    "-Werror" "-Og" "-g"
+  ] else [
+    "-Wall" "-O2"
+  ]);
+  dontStrip = debug;
+  installPhase = ''
+    mkdir -p $out/bin
+    $CC $CFLAGS ${./wrapper.c} -o $out/bin/security-wrapper
+  '';
+}