path: root/sys_util/src/guest_memory.rs

// Copyright 2017 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

//! Track memory regions that are mapped to the guest VM.

use std::convert::AsRef;
use std::convert::TryFrom;
use std::fmt::{self, Display};
use std::mem::size_of;
use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, RawFd};
use std::result;
use std::sync::Arc;

use crate::guest_address::GuestAddress;
use crate::mmap::{self, MappedRegion, MemoryMapping};
use crate::shm::{MemfdSeals, SharedMemory};
use crate::{errno, pagesize};
use data_model::volatile_memory::*;
use data_model::DataInit;

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Error {
    DescriptorChainOverflow,
    InvalidGuestAddress(GuestAddress),
    MemoryAccess(GuestAddress, mmap::Error),
    MemoryMappingFailed(mmap::Error),
    MemoryRegionOverlap,
    MemoryRegionTooLarge(u64),
    MemoryNotAligned,
    MemoryCreationFailed(errno::Error),
    MemorySetSizeFailed(errno::Error),
    MemoryAddSealsFailed(errno::Error),
    ShortWrite { expected: usize, completed: usize },
    ShortRead { expected: usize, completed: usize },
    SplitOutOfBounds(usize),
    VolatileMemoryAccess(VolatileMemoryError),
}
pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;

impl std::error::Error for Error {}

impl Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        use self::Error::*;

        match self {
            DescriptorChainOverflow => write!(
                f,
                "the combined length of all the buffers in a DescriptorChain is too large"
            ),
            InvalidGuestAddress(addr) => write!(f, "invalid guest address {}", addr),
            MemoryAccess(addr, e) => {
                write!(f, "invalid guest memory access at addr={}: {}", addr, e)
            }
            MemoryMappingFailed(e) => write!(f, "failed to map guest memory: {}", e),
            MemoryRegionOverlap => write!(f, "memory regions overlap"),
            MemoryRegionTooLarge(size) => write!(f, "memory region size {} is too large", size),
            MemoryNotAligned => write!(f, "memfd regions must be page aligned"),
            MemoryCreationFailed(_) => write!(f, "failed to create memfd region"),
            MemorySetSizeFailed(e) => write!(f, "failed to set memfd region size: {}", e),
            MemoryAddSealsFailed(e) => write!(f, "failed to set seals on memfd region: {}", e),
            ShortWrite {
                expected,
                completed,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "incomplete write of {} instead of {} bytes",
                completed, expected,
            ),
            ShortRead {
                expected,
                completed,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "incomplete read of {} instead of {} bytes",
                completed, expected,
            ),
            SplitOutOfBounds(off) => write!(f, "DescriptorChain split is out of bounds: {}", off),
            VolatileMemoryAccess(e) => e.fmt(f),
        }
    }
}

struct MemoryRegion {
    mapping: MemoryMapping,
    guest_base: GuestAddress,
    memfd_offset: u64,
}

impl MemoryRegion {
    fn start(&self) -> GuestAddress {
        self.guest_base
    }

    fn end(&self) -> GuestAddress {
        // unchecked_add is safe as the region bounds were checked when it was created.
        self.guest_base.unchecked_add(self.mapping.size() as u64)
    }

    fn contains(&self, addr: GuestAddress) -> bool {
        addr >= self.guest_base && addr < self.end()
    }
}

/// Tracks a memory region and where it is mapped in the guest, along with a shm
/// fd of the underlying memory regions.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct GuestMemory {
    regions: Arc<Vec<MemoryRegion>>,
    memfd: Arc<SharedMemory>,
}

impl AsRawFd for GuestMemory {
    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
        self.memfd.as_raw_fd()
    }
}

impl AsRef<SharedMemory> for GuestMemory {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &SharedMemory {
        &self.memfd
    }
}

impl GuestMemory {
    /// Creates backing memfd for GuestMemory regions
    fn create_memfd(ranges: &[(GuestAddress, u64)]) -> Result<SharedMemory> {
        let mut aligned_size = 0;
        let pg_size = pagesize();
        for range in ranges {
            if range.1 % pg_size as u64 != 0 {
                return Err(Error::MemoryNotAligned);
            }

            aligned_size += range.1;
        }

        let mut seals = MemfdSeals::new();

        seals.set_shrink_seal();
        seals.set_grow_seal();
        seals.set_seal_seal();

        let mut memfd = SharedMemory::named("crosvm_guest").map_err(Error::MemoryCreationFailed)?;
        memfd
            .set_size(aligned_size)
            .map_err(Error::MemorySetSizeFailed)?;
        memfd
            .add_seals(seals)
            .map_err(Error::MemoryAddSealsFailed)?;

        Ok(memfd)
    }

    /// Creates a container for guest memory regions.
    /// Valid memory regions are specified as a Vec of (Address, Size) tuples sorted by Address.
    pub fn new(ranges: &[(GuestAddress, u64)]) -> Result<GuestMemory> {
        // Create memfd

        let memfd = GuestMemory::create_memfd(ranges)?;
        // Create memory regions
        let mut regions = Vec::<MemoryRegion>::new();
        let mut offset = 0;

        for range in ranges {
            if let Some(last) = regions.last() {
                if last
                    .guest_base
                    .checked_add(last.mapping.size() as u64)
                    .map_or(true, |a| a > range.0)
                {
                    return Err(Error::MemoryRegionOverlap);
                }
            }

            let size =
                usize::try_from(range.1).map_err(|_| Error::MemoryRegionTooLarge(range.1))?;
            let mapping = MemoryMapping::from_fd_offset(&memfd, size, offset)
                .map_err(Error::MemoryMappingFailed)?;
            regions.push(MemoryRegion {
                mapping,
                guest_base: range.0,
                memfd_offset: offset,
            });

            offset += size as u64;
        }

        Ok(GuestMemory {
            regions: Arc::new(regions),
            memfd: Arc::new(memfd),
        })
    }

    /// Returns the end address of memory.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, MemoryMapping};
    /// # fn test_end_addr() -> Result<(), ()> {
    ///     let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    ///     let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x400)]).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///     assert_eq!(start_addr.checked_add(0x400), Some(gm.end_addr()));
    ///     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn end_addr(&self) -> GuestAddress {
        self.regions
            .iter()
            .max_by_key(|region| region.start())
            .map_or(GuestAddress(0), MemoryRegion::end)
    }

    /// Returns the total size of memory in bytes.
    pub fn memory_size(&self) -> u64 {
        self.regions
            .iter()
            .map(|region| region.mapping.size() as u64)
            .sum()
    }

    /// Returns true if the given address is within the memory range available to the guest.
    pub fn address_in_range(&self, addr: GuestAddress) -> bool {
        self.regions.iter().any(|region| region.contains(addr))
    }

    /// Returns true if the given range (start, end) is overlap with the memory range
    /// available to the guest.
    pub fn range_overlap(&self, start: GuestAddress, end: GuestAddress) -> bool {
        self.regions
            .iter()
            .any(|region| region.start() < end && start < region.end())
    }

    /// Returns the address plus the offset if it is in range.
    pub fn checked_offset(&self, addr: GuestAddress, offset: u64) -> Option<GuestAddress> {
        addr.checked_add(offset).and_then(|a| {
            if self.address_in_range(a) {
                Some(a)
            } else {
                None
            }
        })
    }

    /// Returns the size of the memory region in bytes.
    pub fn num_regions(&self) -> u64 {
        self.regions.len() as u64
    }

    /// Madvise away the address range in the host that is associated with the given guest range.
    pub fn remove_range(&self, addr: GuestAddress, count: u64) -> Result<()> {
        self.do_in_region(addr, move |mapping, offset| {
            mapping
                .remove_range(offset, count as usize)
                .map_err(|e| Error::MemoryAccess(addr, e))
        })
    }

    /// Perform the specified action on each region's addresses.
    ///
    /// Callback is called with arguments:
    ///  * index: usize
    ///  * guest_addr : GuestAddress
    ///  * size: usize
    ///  * host_addr: usize
    ///  * memfd_offset: usize
    pub fn with_regions<F, E>(&self, mut cb: F) -> result::Result<(), E>
    where
        F: FnMut(usize, GuestAddress, usize, usize, u64) -> result::Result<(), E>,
    {
        for (index, region) in self.regions.iter().enumerate() {
            cb(
                index,
                region.start(),
                region.mapping.size(),
                region.mapping.as_ptr() as usize,
                region.memfd_offset,
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes a slice to guest memory at the specified guest address.
    /// Returns the number of bytes written.  The number of bytes written can
    /// be less than the length of the slice if there isn't enough room in the
    /// memory region.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// * Write a slice at guestaddress 0x200.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, MemoryMapping};
    /// # fn test_write_u64() -> Result<(), ()> {
    /// #   let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    /// #   let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x400)]).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///     let res = gm.write_at_addr(&[1,2,3,4,5], GuestAddress(0x200)).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///     assert_eq!(5, res);
    ///     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn write_at_addr(&self, buf: &[u8], guest_addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<usize> {
        self.do_in_region(guest_addr, move |mapping, offset| {
            mapping
                .write_slice(buf, offset)
                .map_err(|e| Error::MemoryAccess(guest_addr, e))
        })
    }

    /// Writes the entire contents of a slice to guest memory at the specified
    /// guest address.
    ///
    /// Returns an error if there isn't enough room in the memory region to
    /// complete the entire write. Part of the data may have been written
    /// nevertheless.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use sys_util::{guest_memory, GuestAddress, GuestMemory};
    ///
    /// fn test_write_all() -> guest_memory::Result<()> {
    ///     let ranges = &[(GuestAddress(0x1000), 0x400)];
    ///     let gm = GuestMemory::new(ranges)?;
    ///     gm.write_all_at_addr(b"zyxwvut", GuestAddress(0x1200))
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn write_all_at_addr(&self, buf: &[u8], guest_addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<()> {
        let expected = buf.len();
        let completed = self.write_at_addr(buf, guest_addr)?;
        if expected == completed {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(Error::ShortWrite {
                expected,
                completed,
            })
        }
    }

    /// Reads to a slice from guest memory at the specified guest address.
    /// Returns the number of bytes read.  The number of bytes read can
    /// be less than the length of the slice if there isn't enough room in the
    /// memory region.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// * Read a slice of length 16 at guestaddress 0x200.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, MemoryMapping};
    /// # fn test_write_u64() -> Result<(), ()> {
    /// #   let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    /// #   let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x400)]).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///     let buf = &mut [0u8; 16];
    ///     let res = gm.read_at_addr(buf, GuestAddress(0x200)).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///     assert_eq!(16, res);
    ///     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn read_at_addr(&self, buf: &mut [u8], guest_addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<usize> {
        self.do_in_region(guest_addr, move |mapping, offset| {
            mapping
                .read_slice(buf, offset)
                .map_err(|e| Error::MemoryAccess(guest_addr, e))
        })
    }

    /// Reads from guest memory at the specified address to fill the entire
    /// buffer.
    ///
    /// Returns an error if there isn't enough room in the memory region to fill
    /// the entire buffer. Part of the buffer may have been filled nevertheless.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use sys_util::{guest_memory, GuestAddress, GuestMemory, MemoryMapping};
    ///
    /// fn test_read_exact() -> guest_memory::Result<()> {
    ///     let ranges = &[(GuestAddress(0x1000), 0x400)];
    ///     let gm = GuestMemory::new(ranges)?;
    ///     let mut buffer = [0u8; 0x200];
    ///     gm.read_exact_at_addr(&mut buffer, GuestAddress(0x1200))
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn read_exact_at_addr(&self, buf: &mut [u8], guest_addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<()> {
        let expected = buf.len();
        let completed = self.read_at_addr(buf, guest_addr)?;
        if expected == completed {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(Error::ShortRead {
                expected,
                completed,
            })
        }
    }

    /// Reads an object from guest memory at the given guest address.
    /// Reading from a volatile area isn't strictly safe as it could change
    /// mid-read.  However, as long as the type T is plain old data and can
    /// handle random initialization, everything will be OK.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// * Read a u64 from two areas of guest memory backed by separate mappings.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, MemoryMapping};
    /// # fn test_read_u64() -> Result<u64, ()> {
    /// #     let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
    /// #     let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x400);
    /// #     let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x400), (start_addr2, 0x400)])
    /// #         .map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///       let num1: u64 = gm.read_obj_from_addr(GuestAddress(32)).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///       let num2: u64 = gm.read_obj_from_addr(GuestAddress(0x400+32)).map_err(|_| ())?;
    /// #     Ok(num1 + num2)
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn read_obj_from_addr<T: DataInit>(&self, guest_addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<T> {
        self.do_in_region(guest_addr, |mapping, offset| {
            mapping
                .read_obj(offset)
                .map_err(|e| Error::MemoryAccess(guest_addr, e))
        })
    }

    /// Writes an object to the memory region at the specified guest address.
    /// Returns Ok(()) if the object fits, or Err if it extends past the end.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// * Write a u64 at guest address 0x1100.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, MemoryMapping};
    /// # fn test_write_u64() -> Result<(), ()> {
    /// #   let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    /// #   let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x400)]).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///     gm.write_obj_at_addr(55u64, GuestAddress(0x1100))
    ///         .map_err(|_| ())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn write_obj_at_addr<T: DataInit>(&self, val: T, guest_addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<()> {
        self.do_in_region(guest_addr, move |mapping, offset| {
            mapping
                .write_obj(val, offset)
                .map_err(|e| Error::MemoryAccess(guest_addr, e))
        })
    }

    /// Returns a `VolatileSlice` of `len` bytes starting at `addr`. Returns an error if the slice
    /// is not a subset of this `GuestMemory`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// * Write `99` to 30 bytes starting at guest address 0x1010.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, GuestMemoryError, MemoryMapping};
    /// # fn test_volatile_slice() -> Result<(), GuestMemoryError> {
    /// #   let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    /// #   let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x400)])?;
    ///     let vslice = gm.get_slice_at_addr(GuestAddress(0x1010), 30)?;
    ///     vslice.write_bytes(99);
    /// #   Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn get_slice_at_addr(&self, addr: GuestAddress, len: usize) -> Result<VolatileSlice> {
        self.regions
            .iter()
            .find(|region| region.contains(addr))
            .ok_or(Error::InvalidGuestAddress(addr))
            .and_then(|region| {
                // The cast to a usize is safe here because we know that `region.contains(addr)` and
                // it's not possible for a memory region to be larger than what fits in a usize.
                region
                    .mapping
                    .get_slice(addr.offset_from(region.start()) as usize, len)
                    .map_err(Error::VolatileMemoryAccess)
            })
    }

    /// Returns a `VolatileRef` to an object at `addr`. Returns Ok(()) if the object fits, or Err if
    /// it extends past the end.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// * Get a &u64 at offset 0x1010.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, GuestMemoryError, MemoryMapping};
    /// # fn test_ref_u64() -> Result<(), GuestMemoryError> {
    /// #   let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    /// #   let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x400)])?;
    ///     gm.write_obj_at_addr(47u64, GuestAddress(0x1010))?;
    ///     let vref = gm.get_ref_at_addr::<u64>(GuestAddress(0x1010))?;
    ///     assert_eq!(vref.load(), 47u64);
    /// #   Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn get_ref_at_addr<T: DataInit>(&self, addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<VolatileRef<T>> {
        let buf = self.get_slice_at_addr(addr, size_of::<T>())?;
        // Safe because we have know that `buf` is at least `size_of::<T>()` bytes and that the
        // returned reference will not outlive this `GuestMemory`.
        Ok(unsafe { VolatileRef::new(buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut T) })
    }

    /// Reads data from a file descriptor and writes it to guest memory.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    /// * `guest_addr` - Begin writing memory at this offset.
    /// * `src` - Read from `src` to memory.
    /// * `count` - Read `count` bytes from `src` to memory.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// * Read bytes from /dev/urandom
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, MemoryMapping};
    /// # use std::fs::File;
    /// # use std::path::Path;
    /// # fn test_read_random() -> Result<u32, ()> {
    /// #     let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    /// #     let gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x400)]).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///       let mut file = File::open(Path::new("/dev/urandom")).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///       let addr = GuestAddress(0x1010);
    ///       gm.read_to_memory(addr, &mut file, 128).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///       let read_addr = addr.checked_add(8).ok_or(())?;
    ///       let rand_val: u32 = gm.read_obj_from_addr(read_addr).map_err(|_| ())?;
    /// #     Ok(rand_val)
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn read_to_memory(
        &self,
        guest_addr: GuestAddress,
        src: &dyn AsRawFd,
        count: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.do_in_region(guest_addr, move |mapping, offset| {
            mapping
                .read_to_memory(offset, src, count)
                .map_err(|e| Error::MemoryAccess(guest_addr, e))
        })
    }

    /// Writes data from memory to a file descriptor.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    /// * `guest_addr` - Begin reading memory from this offset.
    /// * `dst` - Write from memory to `dst`.
    /// * `count` - Read `count` bytes from memory to `src`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// * Write 128 bytes to /dev/null
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory, MemoryMapping};
    /// # use std::fs::File;
    /// # use std::path::Path;
    /// # fn test_write_null() -> Result<(), ()> {
    /// #     let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    /// #     let gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x400)]).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///       let mut file = File::open(Path::new("/dev/null")).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///       let addr = GuestAddress(0x1010);
    ///       gm.write_from_memory(addr, &mut file, 128).map_err(|_| ())?;
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn write_from_memory(
        &self,
        guest_addr: GuestAddress,
        dst: &dyn AsRawFd,
        count: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.do_in_region(guest_addr, move |mapping, offset| {
            mapping
                .write_from_memory(offset, dst, count)
                .map_err(|e| Error::MemoryAccess(guest_addr, e))
        })
    }

    /// Convert a GuestAddress into a pointer in the address space of this
    /// process. This should only be necessary for giving addresses to the
    /// kernel, as with vhost ioctls. Normal reads/writes to guest memory should
    /// be done through `write_from_memory`, `read_obj_from_addr`, etc.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    /// * `guest_addr` - Guest address to convert.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory};
    /// # fn test_host_addr() -> Result<(), ()> {
    ///     let start_addr = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    ///     let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr, 0x500)]).map_err(|_| ())?;
    ///     let addr = gm.get_host_address(GuestAddress(0x1200)).unwrap();
    ///     println!("Host address is {:p}", addr);
    ///     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn get_host_address(&self, guest_addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<*const u8> {
        self.do_in_region(guest_addr, |mapping, offset| {
            // This is safe; `do_in_region` already checks that offset is in
            // bounds.
            Ok(unsafe { mapping.as_ptr().add(offset) } as *const u8)
        })
    }

    pub fn do_in_region<F, T>(&self, guest_addr: GuestAddress, cb: F) -> Result<T>
    where
        F: FnOnce(&MemoryMapping, usize) -> Result<T>,
    {
        self.regions
            .iter()
            .find(|region| region.contains(guest_addr))
            .ok_or(Error::InvalidGuestAddress(guest_addr))
            .and_then(|region| {
                cb(
                    &region.mapping,
                    guest_addr.offset_from(region.start()) as usize,
                )
            })
    }

    /// Convert a GuestAddress into an offset within self.memfd.
    ///
    /// Due to potential gaps within GuestMemory, it is helpful to know the
    /// offset within the memfd where a given address is found. This offset
    /// can then be passed to another process mapping the memfd to read data
    /// starting at that address.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    /// * `guest_addr` - Guest address to convert.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use sys_util::{GuestAddress, GuestMemory};
    /// let addr_a = GuestAddress(0x1000);
    /// let addr_b = GuestAddress(0x8000);
    /// let mut gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![
    ///     (addr_a, 0x2000),
    ///     (addr_b, 0x3000)]).expect("failed to create GuestMemory");
    /// let offset = gm.offset_from_base(GuestAddress(0x9500))
    ///                .expect("failed to get offset");
    /// assert_eq!(offset, 0x3500);
    /// ```
    pub fn offset_from_base(&self, guest_addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<u64> {
        self.regions
            .iter()
            .find(|region| region.contains(guest_addr))
            .ok_or(Error::InvalidGuestAddress(guest_addr))
            .map(|region| region.memfd_offset + guest_addr.offset_from(region.start()))
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::kernel_has_memfd;

    #[test]
    fn test_alignment() {
        let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x1000);

        assert!(GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x100), (start_addr2, 0x400)]).is_err());
        assert!(GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x1000), (start_addr2, 0x1000)]).is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn two_regions() {
        let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x4000);
        assert!(GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x4000), (start_addr2, 0x4000)]).is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn overlap_memory() {
        let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x1000);
        assert!(GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x2000), (start_addr2, 0x2000)]).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn region_hole() {
        let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x4000);
        let gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x2000), (start_addr2, 0x2000)]).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(gm.address_in_range(GuestAddress(0x1000)), true);
        assert_eq!(gm.address_in_range(GuestAddress(0x3000)), false);
        assert_eq!(gm.address_in_range(GuestAddress(0x5000)), true);
        assert_eq!(gm.address_in_range(GuestAddress(0x6000)), false);
        assert_eq!(gm.address_in_range(GuestAddress(0x6000)), false);
        assert_eq!(
            gm.range_overlap(GuestAddress(0x1000), GuestAddress(0x3000)),
            true
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gm.range_overlap(GuestAddress(0x3000), GuestAddress(0x4000)),
            false
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gm.range_overlap(GuestAddress(0x3000), GuestAddress(0x7000)),
            true
        );
        assert!(gm.checked_offset(GuestAddress(0x1000), 0x1000).is_none());
        assert!(gm.checked_offset(GuestAddress(0x5000), 0x800).is_some());
        assert!(gm.checked_offset(GuestAddress(0x5000), 0x1000).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_u64() {
        let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x1000);
        let gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x1000), (start_addr2, 0x1000)]).unwrap();

        let val1: u64 = 0xaa55aa55aa55aa55;
        let val2: u64 = 0x55aa55aa55aa55aa;
        gm.write_obj_at_addr(val1, GuestAddress(0x500)).unwrap();
        gm.write_obj_at_addr(val2, GuestAddress(0x1000 + 32))
            .unwrap();
        let num1: u64 = gm.read_obj_from_addr(GuestAddress(0x500)).unwrap();
        let num2: u64 = gm.read_obj_from_addr(GuestAddress(0x1000 + 32)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(val1, num1);
        assert_eq!(val2, num2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ref_load_u64() {
        let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x1000);
        let gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x1000), (start_addr2, 0x1000)]).unwrap();

        let val1: u64 = 0xaa55aa55aa55aa55;
        let val2: u64 = 0x55aa55aa55aa55aa;
        gm.write_obj_at_addr(val1, GuestAddress(0x500)).unwrap();
        gm.write_obj_at_addr(val2, GuestAddress(0x1000 + 32))
            .unwrap();
        let num1: u64 = gm.get_ref_at_addr(GuestAddress(0x500)).unwrap().load();
        let num2: u64 = gm
            .get_ref_at_addr(GuestAddress(0x1000 + 32))
            .unwrap()
            .load();
        assert_eq!(val1, num1);
        assert_eq!(val2, num2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ref_store_u64() {
        let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x1000);
        let gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x1000), (start_addr2, 0x1000)]).unwrap();

        let val1: u64 = 0xaa55aa55aa55aa55;
        let val2: u64 = 0x55aa55aa55aa55aa;
        gm.get_ref_at_addr(GuestAddress(0x500)).unwrap().store(val1);
        gm.get_ref_at_addr(GuestAddress(0x1000 + 32))
            .unwrap()
            .store(val2);
        let num1: u64 = gm.read_obj_from_addr(GuestAddress(0x500)).unwrap();
        let num2: u64 = gm.read_obj_from_addr(GuestAddress(0x1000 + 32)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(val1, num1);
        assert_eq!(val2, num2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_memory_size() {
        let start_region1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let size_region1 = 0x1000;
        let start_region2 = GuestAddress(0x10000);
        let size_region2 = 0x2000;
        let gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![
            (start_region1, size_region1),
            (start_region2, size_region2),
        ])
        .unwrap();

        let mem_size = gm.memory_size();
        assert_eq!(mem_size, size_region1 + size_region2);
    }

    // Get the base address of the mapping for a GuestAddress.
    fn get_mapping(mem: &GuestMemory, addr: GuestAddress) -> Result<*const u8> {
        mem.do_in_region(addr, |mapping, _| Ok(mapping.as_ptr() as *const u8))
    }

    #[test]
    fn guest_to_host() {
        let start_addr1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let start_addr2 = GuestAddress(0x1000);
        let mem = GuestMemory::new(&vec![(start_addr1, 0x1000), (start_addr2, 0x4000)]).unwrap();

        // Verify the host addresses match what we expect from the mappings.
        let addr1_base = get_mapping(&mem, start_addr1).unwrap();
        let addr2_base = get_mapping(&mem, start_addr2).unwrap();
        let host_addr1 = mem.get_host_address(start_addr1).unwrap();
        let host_addr2 = mem.get_host_address(start_addr2).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(host_addr1, addr1_base);
        assert_eq!(host_addr2, addr2_base);

        // Check that a bad address returns an error.
        let bad_addr = GuestAddress(0x123456);
        assert!(mem.get_host_address(bad_addr).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn memfd_offset() {
        if !kernel_has_memfd() {
            return;
        }

        let start_region1 = GuestAddress(0x0);
        let size_region1 = 0x1000;
        let start_region2 = GuestAddress(0x10000);
        let size_region2 = 0x2000;
        let gm = GuestMemory::new(&vec![
            (start_region1, size_region1),
            (start_region2, size_region2),
        ])
        .unwrap();

        gm.write_obj_at_addr(0x1337u16, GuestAddress(0x0)).unwrap();
        gm.write_obj_at_addr(0x0420u16, GuestAddress(0x10000))
            .unwrap();

        let _ = gm.with_regions::<_, ()>(|index, _, size, _, memfd_offset| {
            let mmap = MemoryMapping::from_fd_offset(&gm, size, memfd_offset).unwrap();

            if index == 0 {
                assert!(mmap.read_obj::<u16>(0x0).unwrap() == 0x1337u16);
            }

            if index == 1 {
                assert!(mmap.read_obj::<u16>(0x0).unwrap() == 0x0420u16);
            }

            Ok(())
        });
    }
}